1. Organic Chemistry (Functional Groups)
Chapter 26
Organic Chemistry
(Functional Groups)

2. Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry:
The chemistry of Carbon compounds

3. Organic Substituents Alkyl Halide: 2,2,3 – tribromopentane
Groups other than carbon like halogens (Halo- group) attached to carbon chains C H Br
2,2,3 – tribromopentane

4. Organic Substituents Aryl Halide:
Groups other than carbon like halogens (Halo- group) attached to arene ring like benzene. C F H
1,2-difluorobenzene or
ortho-difluorobenzene

5. Organic Chemistry Functional Groups:
When organic compounds contain Oxygen or Nitrogen, the result is a certain function (chemical characteristic) for the molecule.

6. Functional Groups How do you find a functional group?
Look for oxygen or nitrogen in the organic molecule.

7. R-O-H Functional Groups General Equation Alcohol Group:
OH attached to a carbon chain
R-O-H
The “R” refers to the “Rest” of the molecule.
General Equation

8. Hydrocarbon Prefixes:
IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Hydrocarbon prefixes
meth C
eth C-C
prop C-C-C
but C-C-C-C
Pent C-C-C-C-C
hex C-C-C-C-C-C
hept C-C-C-C-C-C-C
oct C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
non C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
dec C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C

9. also called (methyl alcohol)
Last part of name:
Alcohol Group: R-OH
O-H
__________ol
methanol
methane H H H C H H C H H H
also called (methyl alcohol)
Can also be shown as: C
O-H H C H
O-H C H
H-O

10. Alcohol Group: R-OH ethyl alcohol “ethanol” ethane Last part of name:

11. Alcohol Group: R-OH 1-propanol” Last part of name: O-H __________ol H
CH2OH
Primary alcohol

12. Alcohol Group: R-O-H 1-propanol” propane 2-propanol or
Last part of name:
__________ol C H O
1-propanol” C H
propane C H
O-H C H
O-H
2-propanol or
Isopropyl alcohol
“rubbing alcohol”
CH2OH
Primary alcohol
Secondary alcohol

13. Carboxylic Acid: methane methanoic acid R ___________oic acid O-H C O

14. Carboxylic Acid: ethane ethanoic acid R ___________oic acid O-H C O

15. Aldehyde: methane methanal formaldehyde R ___________al H C O H C O H

16. Aldehyde: ethane ethanal R ___________al H C O H C O H H H C H H C C H

17. (fingernail polish remover)
Ketone:
___________one C O R R
propane
2-propanone H H H C O H H H H C C C H H C C C H H H H H H H
Acetone
(fingernail polish remover)

18. Ketone: 2-hexanone Hexane R R ___________one C O C O H H H H H H H C C

19. Ketone: 3-hexanone Hexane R R ___________one C O C O H H H H H H H C C

20. Ether: methane dimethyl ether R R ___________ether O — H C H C H H C H

21. Ether:
___________ether R R
O —
diethyl ether C H H H C H H C O C H H

22. Ester: R R O- C O ___________oate ethanoic acid ethanol O H H C H H C+ H O C  H H
Carboxylic Acid
+ Alcohol 
Ester +
water O- C H O H C H O + H
ethyl
ethanoate

23. Alcohol: (Revisited) R R R R R R ___________ol H Primary alcohol C O H
Secondary alcohol H C O H R R
Tertiary alcohol R C O H R

24. Halide group: -F -Cl -Br -I
Nitro group: NO2
Nitro R N O
Halide group: F -Cl -Br I
Fluoro R F
Chloro R Cl
Bromo R Br
Iodo R I

25. Amine: R R R R R R ___________ine Primary amine N H Secondary amine N
Tertiary amine R

26. Amide: R R R R R R ___________ide O Primary amide N C H O
Secondary amide R R N C O R R
Tertiary amide R