1. Adjectives An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun.
An adjective can tell what kind or how many.
An adjective may come before the noun it describes or after a linking verb.
Two or more adjectives before a noun are usually separated by a comma. A comma is not used when one of the adjectives tells how many.
A proper adjective is an adjective formed from a proper noun. Like a proper noun, a proper adjective begins with a capital letter. Often the spelling changes.

2. Adjectives
What kind
How many
Proper adjectives

3. Articles and Demonstrative Adjectives
The special adjectives a, an, and the are called articles.
A and an refer to any person, place, or thing. The refers to a specific person, place, or thing.
Use a before a singular noun that begins with a consonant sound.
Use an before a singular noun that begins with a vowel sound.
Use the to refer to a singular noun or plural nouns.

4. Articles and Demonstrative Adjectives
This, that, these, and those are demonstrative adjectives. A demonstrative adjective tells which one and always comes before a noun.
Use this (singular) and these (plural) to refer to people or things nearby.
Use that (singular) and those (plural) to refer to people or things farther away.
Do not use here or there after demonstrative adjectives.

5. Articles and Demonstrative Adjectives
Choose the correct article.
I would like a/an/the apple.
She has a/an/the cookies.
I saw a/an/the man walking his dog.
We would like a/an/the sandwich.
Mom bought a/an/the notebooks we needed for school.

6. Articles and Demonstrative Adjectives
Choose the correct demonstrative adjective.
Would you like this/these shoes?
Can you reach this/that box on the top shelf?
I don’t think that/those tomatoes look ripe.
Dan picked out this/these postcard to send to his gramma.
Lisa use to go to this/that school over there.

7. Comparing with Adjectives
An adjective has different forms for comparing.
Comparative adjectives compare two people, places, things, or ideas. Add –er or use more to write a comparative adjective.
This road is longer than that one.
Chocolate is more delicious than vanilla.

8. Comparing with Adjectives
A superlative adjective is used to compare more than two people, places, things, or ideas. Add –est or most to write a superlative adjective.
Do you think the elephant is the heaviest animal?
Which picture is the most beautiful?

9. Comparing with Adjectives
One-syllable adjectives and some two-syllable adjectives add –er or –est.
Always use more or most to compare adjectives with three or more syllables.
Do not use –er or –est together with more and most.

10. Comparing with Adjectives
Spelling Rules for adding –er or -est:
For adjectives ending in e, drop the e before adding –er or –est.
large – larger - largest
For adjectives ending in a consonant and a y, change the y to an i before adding –er or –est.
happy – happier - happiest
For adjectives ending in a single vowel and consonant, double the consonant before adding –er or –est.
sad – sadder - saddest

11. Comparing with Good and Bad
The adjectives good and bad change in the comparative and superlative forms.
Do not use –er or –est or more or most when comparing with good and bad.
Adjective
Comparative form
Superlative form
good
better
best
bad
worse
worst

12. Adverbs
An adverb is a word that describes a verb, adjective or another adverb.
Most adverbs tell how, when, or where an action takes place.
Many adverbs end in –ly.
An adverb can come before or after the word it describes.
Some adverbs answer the question how much?

13. Adverbs HOW WHEN WHERE HOW MUCH Quickly Tomorrow Far Extremely Loudly
Later
South
Quite
Beautifully
Eventually
Down
Rather
Quietly
Sometimes
There
Very
Carefully
Yesterday
Nearby

14. Comparing with Adverbs
An adverb can compare two or more actions. Use the correct form of an adverb when you compare.
Comparative adverbs compare two actions. Add –er to most one-syllable adverbs.
She drives faster than I do.
Use more to compare with adverbs that are two or more syllables or end in –ly.
The horse jumps more gracefully than the goat.

15. Comparing with Adverbs
Superlative adverbs compare more than two actions. Add –est to most one-syllable adverbs.
She drives fastest of all.
Use most to compare with adverbs that are two or more syllables or end in –ly.
The horse jumps most gracefully of all the barnyard animals.
Do not use –er or –est with more or most when comparing with adverbs.

16. Using Good and Well, Real and Very
The words good, well, real, and very are often used incorrectly. To use these words correctly, think carefully about what you are describing.
Good is an adjective that describes a noun.
Well is an adverb that describes a verb. It answers the question how.
Real is an adjective that describes a noun. Real means “actual.”
Very is an adverb that describes an adjective or another adverb. Very means “extremely.”

17. Using Good and Well, Real and Very
Choose the correct word.
Greg is a good/well doctor.
He did good/well in school.
Bob wasn’t feeling good/well yesterday.
I saw a real/very dinosaur bone.
That painting is real/very nice.
She worked real/very carefully on her test.

18. Negatives Words that mean “no” are negatives.
The words no, not, nothing, none, never, no one, nowhere, and nobody are negatives.
Contractions with not are also negatives.
A negative idea is expressed by using one negative word. Do not use a double negative.

19. Negatives
You can correct a sentence with a double negative by removing one negative word.
She couldn’t afford no designer shoes.
You can correct a sentence with a double negative by changing one negative to a positive.
Negative words
Positive words
no, none, nothing
any, anything
never
ever
no one, nobody
anyone, anybody
nowhere
anywhere

20. Prepositions
A preposition is a word that relates a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence.
The object of the preposition is the noun or pronoun that follows the preposition.
Put the clothes in the laundry basket.

21. Prepositions
Common Prepositions: about, above, across, after, against, along, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, by, down, during, for, from, in, inside, into, near, of, off, on, out, outside, over, through, throughout, to, under, underneath, until, with, without

22. Prepositional Phrases
A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with its object. The object is the noun or pronoun that follows the proposition.
A prepositional phrase includes the preposition, the object of the preposition, and all the words between them.
A prepositional phrase can be at the beginning, middle, or at the end of a sentence.
A prepositional phrase can have a compound (more than one) object.

23. Prepositional Phrases
Underline the prepositional phrase(s) in each sentence.
She was hiding in the closet under the stairs.
On Friday, we went to the park.
You will study the work in your book and notebook.
Many people on the airplane were sleeping.
The parked the car near the movie theater.