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UNED 2 ADNODDAU BUSNES UNIT 2 BUSINESS RESOURCES
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Amcanion Objectives Ll6 Eglurwch ddefnydd cyllidebau fel modd o weithredu rheolaeth ariannol dros gwmni penodol. Gallu rhestru'r costau sy'n ymwneud â rhedeg busnes? Gallu disgrifio beth yw cyllideb? Gallu disgrifio beth yw cyllided penodol, ar sail cost a chynyddol. P6 Illustrate the use of budgets as a means of exercising financial control of a selected company. To be able to list the costs involved in running a business? To be able to describe what is a budget? To be able to describe a Fixed, Zero Based and Incremental Budget
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Beth yw cyllideb? What is a budget?
A budget is a plan on what a business can spend its money on and it is usual for a business to budget on a yearly basis a fixed amount that the owners have agreed to spend in that given time. Cyllideb yw cynllun ar beth gall busnes wario ei arian, ac mae'n arferol i fusnes gyllidebu swm penodol a gytunwyd rhwng y perchnogion yn flynyddol, i'w wario o fewn yr amser hynny.
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Mathau o gyllidebau? Types of Budgets?
Mae tri math o gyllidebau Cyllideb Sefydlog - swm penodol o arian i wario mewn hyn a hyn o amser Cyllideb ar sail cost - peidio rhoi cyllideb i staff ond cyfiawnhau pob gwariant Cyllideb gynyddol - yn cynyddu/lleihau dros gyfnod o amser ac yn gweithio ochr yn ochr â pherfformiad There are three types of budgets Fixed Budget – set amount of money to spend on in a given period of time Zero Based budget – give staff no budget but justify all expenditure Incremental budget – getting bigger/increasing on period of time and is lined to performance
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Ffactorau i'w hystyried Factors to be considered
Gofynnir i fusnes ystyried dau brif ffactor o fewn y gyllideb, sef Costau Newidiol a Sefydlog. A business must consider two main factors within the budget and these are Variable and Fixed costs.
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Costau Costs Pa gostau sydd yn cael eu cynnwys mewn busnes?
Sut byddwch chi’n rheoli costau? Gwrandewch ar y clip fideo isod a gwnewch nodiadau ar y costau a restrir. What costs are involved in a business? How do you manage costs? Listen to the following video clip and take note of the costs that are listed. We have already covered human, physical and technological resources now it’s the financial resources you need to pay for bills, wages etc and how to get this for the business.
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Gwrandewch ar ddyfyniadau'r BBC ar gostau Listen to the BBC extract on Costs
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Beth yw costau? What are Costs?
Costau yw'r gwariannau sy'n cael eu cynnwys wrth gynhyrchu cynnyrch. Mae cwmnïau yn mynd i gostau gan fasnachu. Mae rhai costau, a elwir yn gostau newidiol, yn newid gyda maint beth sydd wedi cael ei gynhyrchu. Er enghraifft, mae costau deunyddiau crai yn codi wrth i gynnyrch gael ei greu. Mae costau eraill, a elwir yn gostau sefydlog, yn aros yr un peth er bod mwy yn cael ei gynhyrchu. Er enghraifft, mae rhent swyddfa yn gost sefydlog sy'n aros yr un peth bob mis hyd yn oed os yw maint y cynnyrch yn cynyddu. Costs are the expenses involved in making a product. Firms incur costs by trading. Some costs, called variable costs, change with the amount produced. For example, the cost of raw materials rises as more output is made. Other costs, called fixed costs, stay the same even if more is produced. Office rent is an example of a fixed cost which remains the same each month even if output rises.
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Dull arall o ddosbarthu costau yw gwahaniaethu rhwng costau uniongyrchol ac anuniongyrchol. Mae costau uniongyrchol, megis deunyddiau crai, yn cael eu cysylltu i'r cynnyrch, tra nad all costau anuniongyrchol megis rhent ei gysylltu'n syth i gynnyrch. Cyfanswm cost yw'r swm o arian sy'n cael ei wario gan gwmni wrth gynhyrchu lefel penodol o gynnyrch. Mae'r cyfanswm costau yn cael eu gwneud o gostau sefydlog (FC) a chostau newidiol (VC). Another way of classifying costs is to distinguish between direct costs and indirect costs. Direct costs, such as raw materials, can be linked to a product whereas indirect costs, such as rent, cannot be linked directly to a product. The total cost is the amount of money spent by a firm on producing a given level of output. Total costs are made up of fixed costs (FC) and variable costs (VC).
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Costau Sefydlog Fixed Costs
Nid yw costau sefydlog yn newid wrth i gynnyrch amrywio. Mewn geiriau eraill, maent yn sefydlog hyd yn oed os yw cynnyrch yn mynd i fyny ac i lawr o gyfnod i gyfnod. Fixed costs do not change as output varies. In other words, they are fixed even if output moves up or down from period to period.
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Mae enghreifftiau o gostau sefydlog yn cynnwys: Examples of fixed costs include:
- Rhent a threth cyngor - cyflog - Marchnata (hysbysebu, ymchwil marchnata) - Yswiriant, bancio a ffioedd cyfreithiol - Meddalwedd - Costau ymgynghori - Dylunio a datblygu - Gwres, golau a chostau ynni eraill - costau offer wedi eu prydlesu Rent & council tax - Wages and salaries - Marketing (advertising, market research) - Insurance, banking & legal fees - Software - Consultant and adviser costs - Design and development - Heating, light and other energy costs - Leased equipment charges
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Nodyn - oherwydd bod cost yn cael ei ddosbarthu fel "sefydlog", nid yw hyn yn golygu y bydd y gost yn aros yr un peth. Er enghraifft, bydd rhent swyddfa neu siop yn cael ei dalu i'r perchennog. Mae'r rhent yn aros yr un peth am gyfnod penodol (e.e. 5 mlynedd). Fodd bynnag, gall y rhent newid (i fyny neu i lawr) pan mae'r cytundeb yn dod i ben ac yn cael ei ail-drafod. Y pwynt pwysicaf am gost sefydlog megis rhent yw, bod rhaid ei dalu, beth bynnag lefel y gwerthiant. Note – just because a cost is classified as “fixed”, that does not mean that the cost will stay the same. For example, the rental of an office or shop will be paid to the landlord. The rent stays the same for a specific period (e.g. 5 years). However, the rent may change (up or down) when the rental agreement is renegotiated when due. The important point about a cost like rent being fixed is that it has to be paid, whatever the level of sales achieved.
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Fixed costs are particularly important when it comes to calculating the break-even output of a business. A business needs to generate enough contribution (a kind of profit) to cover its fixed costs in order for it to break-even. The higher the level of fixed costs in a business, the higher must be the achieved output in order to break-even. As a result, a good strategy for most start-ups is to focus on controlling and minimising fixed costs. Mae costau sefydlog yn arbennig o bwysig pan mae hi'n amser cyfrifo cynnyrch adennill costau busnes. Mae busnes angen cynhyrchu digon o gyfraniad (rhyw fath o elw) i gyflenwi ei gostau sefydlog er mwyn adennill costau. Uchaf yw lefel costau sefydlog busnes, uchaf y dylai allbwn y cynnyrch fod i adennill costau. O ganlyniad, mae canolbwyntio ar reoli a lleihau costau sefydlog yn strategaeth dda i fusnesau cychwynnol.
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Costau newidiol Variable costs
Costau newidiol yw gwariannau corfforaethol sy'n newid mewn cyfrannedd uniongyrchol i faint y cynnyrch. Yn wahanol i gostau sefydlog, sy'n aros yn gyson, er gwaethaf y cynnyrch, mae costau newidiol yn swyddogaeth uniongyrchol o faint y cynnyrch, yn codi pan mae'r cynnyrch yn cynyddu, ac yn gostwng pan mae'n lleihau. Variable costs are corporate expenses that vary in direct proportion to the quantity of output. Unlike fixed costs, which remain constant regardless of output, variable costs are a direct function of production volume, rising whenever production expands and falling whenever it contracts.
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costau newidiol..... variable costs……
Mae enghreifftiau o gostau newidiol cyffredin yn cynnwys deunyddiau crai, defnydd pacio, a llafur sy'n ymwneud yn uniongyrchol gyda phroses gweithgynhyrchu cwmni. Examples of common variable costs include raw materials, packaging, and labour directly involved in a company's manufacturing process.
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Gorffennwch yr uchod yn y dosbarth, a'i gyflwyno ar ddiwedd y sesiwn.
Ymarferion Exercises Disgrifiwch beth yw cyllideb? Disgrifiwch y canlynol: Cyllideb Sefydlog, Cyllideb ar sail cost Cyllideb Gynyddol Atebwch y daflen gwestiwn ar Gostau Gorffennwch yr uchod yn y dosbarth, a'i gyflwyno ar ddiwedd y sesiwn. Diolch Describe what is a budget? Describe the following: Fixed Budget, Zero Based Budget Incremental Budget Answer the Question sheet on Costs The above must be completed in class and handed in at the end of the session. Thank you
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Ffynonellau gwybodaeth oddi ar y we Web source of information
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