1. Globalization
and National Cultures

2. Emergence of Nation-State and Nationalism
Nationalism (def.): a powerful commitment to the advancement of the interests and welfare of an individual’s own nation.
Patriotism: love of country
Ethno-centrism: Belief that one’s group or nation is of universal importance. Intolerance of others.
Civic/ ethnic nationalism: citizenship/ shared kinship, religion, language
Most national cultures are less than two hundred years old.
Replaced primary identifications on the basis of religion, kinship, and locality.
Re-organization of cultural life along national and territorial lines.

3. Emergence of Nation-State and Nationalism
The attempt by ruling elites and governments to create a new identity that would legitimize centralization and enhancement of state power.
The creation, through a mass education system, a sense of common identity, history, and vision for future.
The emergence of new communication systems, such as print media. ‘Imagined Communities’
The consolidation of ethnic communities through shared legal rights and duties. ‘Nations cannot be invented where none existed.’
Complex relationship between nationalism and state formation
Self-determination principle
Ethnic cleansing
Multi-national states

4. Globalization and Nationalism
Skeptic view: Despite globalization, national and local cultures remain robust.
Nationalism is a very deep-rooted political identity.
Communication systems generate an awareness of difference and diversity.
Globalization fosters a defensive reaction and strengthens attachment to national cultures.
Technology enables a denser and more intense interaction between members of communities who share similar characteristics, notably language.
Global cultural products are interpreted through national and local perspectives.
No universal history or vision for common future that can unite people. Few signs of a universal, global culture

5. Globalization and Nationalism
Globalist view:
National cultures are constructed.
Nationalism is at odds with the re-configuration of political power.
Distinction between cultural and political nationalism
Scale, intensity, speed and diversity of global cultural communications.
Impossibility of maintaining national controls over information
Global dominance of English as a linguistic infrastructure
Transnational media corporations driving cultural globalization.
Pluralistic, hyphenated identities, hybrid cultures
Emerging global civil society: Transnational social movements with clear regional or global objectives.

6. Clash of Civilizations
Samuel P. Huntington
Civilization is the broadest cultural entity
A civilization-based world order
Conflict along fault-lines of civilizations
Danger of Western universalism, need to maintain multi-civilizational character of world politics

7. Cultural Cosmopolitanism
Recognizes the enduring significance of national traditions. Does not seek to replace them.
Recognizes the increasing interconnectedness of political communities in diverse domains, including the social, economic, and environmental.
Appreciates the overlaps in collective fortunes that require collective solutions
Celebration of difference, diversity, and hybridity.

8. Midterm Exam 22 April, 18:30-19:45, SOS B10 Two sections:
Identifications: Select 10 out of 15. Define and explain significance. (2-3 sentences) 60 pts. Total
Essay: Select 1 out of pts.
Review 21 April class time
Lectures and Assigned Readings

9. and National Identities
Europeanization
and National Identities

10. National Identities and Europe
Question: In the near future do you see yourself as...?
Period: April 2004
Country: EU

11. Europeanization and Identity
Enlargement and growing heterogeneity
Increasing politicization of migration
Reaction against cosmopolitanism and rise of nationalism
Rising regional consciousness
Development of European foreign policy and anti- Americanism
Possible elements of European identity
Role of religion and Christianity
Europe’s war-torn past

12. EU Cultural Policy Why EU needs an identity? Symbolic initiatives
Democracy and participation deficits
Loyalty does not grow with integration
Growing Euro-skepticism
Symbolic initiatives
Passport, flag, EU prizes, Europe day, European years
Single currency
Debates about design
Education
Exchange programs
Bologna Process: compatibility of national higher education systems
EU funded textbooks- failure!

13. EU Cultural Policy Media European citizenship Euro-statistics
Economic integration and global competitiveness
Cultural defense
Pan-European TV channels –no viewers?
Euronews: consortium of broadcasters
European citizenship
Every citizen of an EU member state is an EU citizen
Rights of mobility and voting
Limited set of additional rights. Not a substitute for national citizenship.
Euro-statistics
Resistance of member states
Unity in diversity