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The curious case of the coexistence of two «access orders»

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1 The curious case of the coexistence of two «access orders»
The curious case of the coexistence of two «access orders». Explaining the Italian regional divide Paolo Di Martino | Birmingham Business School (UK) Emanuele Felice | Università di Chieti-Pescara Michelangelo Vasta | Università di Siena SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA 25-26 NOVEMBRE 2016 CONVEGNO SCIENTIFICO LA SOCIETÀ ITALIANA E LE GRANDI CRISI ECONOMICHE

2 North-South divide A still open yet often overlooked issue
25-26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA The curious case of the coexistence of two “access-orders”. Explaining the Italian regional divide North-South divide A still open yet often overlooked issue We are somehow «used to it» Current explantions do not help; structural limitations of the South or exploitation from the North: little room for policies An alternative view: regional divide as the result of different «access orders»

3 A thoery of access orders
25-26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA The curious case of the coexistence of two “access-orders”. Explaining the Italian regional divide A thoery of access orders State monopoly over the use of violence Necessary condition for «inclusive institutions» and growth (OAO) Otherwise the state is a coalition allocating rents in exchange of stability (LAO) Various types (degrees) of LAO In LAO extractive institutions protect the status quo

4 Italy and access orders
25-26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA The curious case of the coexistence of two “access-orders”. Explaining the Italian regional divide Italy and access orders 1861: North and South both LAOs Progressive evolution of the North across LAOs then OAO (with some limitations) South: «orizontal evolution» with change in the elites

5 Monopoly over violence
25-26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA The curious case of the coexistence of two “access-orders”. Explaining the Italian regional divide Monopoly over violence Evidence : murders for million population

6 Monopoly over violence (state «penetration»)
25-26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA The curious case of the coexistence of two “access-orders”. Explaining the Italian regional divide Monopoly over violence (state «penetration») Evidence: Voting turnout Source: Guiso and Pinotti (2011: Fig. 11.2, p. 310). Similar results using referendums

7 Access orders Evidence (1): literacy
25-26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA The curious case of the coexistence of two “access-orders”. Explaining the Italian regional divide Access orders Evidence (1): literacy Evidence of access to opportunities for personal development Similar results for more recent years using PISA data

8 Access orders Evidence (2): female employment
25-26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA The curious case of the coexistence of two “access-orders”. Explaining the Italian regional divide Access orders Evidence (2): female employment Evidence to access to opportunities across genders Similar results using sectors of employment

9 access orders and economic divide: some concluding remarks
25-26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA The curious case of the coexistence of two “access-orders”. Explaining the Italian regional divide access orders and economic divide: some concluding remarks Causation: 1861 (1871) Limited economic difference (Italy = 100, South and islands 90), but high «instituitonal difference» Up to WWI: 84 : from 84 to 61 «Golden age»: back to 73 1970s-2011: 68 Up to WWI: North more progressive LAO, South does not evolve WWI – WWII: institutional «freeze» in a phase of industrialisation Golden age: South = orizontal evolution but state support Since the 1970s: national decline but more acute in the South

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