1. Chapter3
Living Primates

2. Chapter Outline What Is the Place of Humanity Among the Other Animals?
What Are the Implications of the Shared Characteristics Between Humans and the Other Primates?
Why Do Anthropologists Study the Social Behavior of Monkeys and Apes?

3. The Primate Order
One of several mammalian orders, such as rodents, carnivores and ungulates.
Two suborders:
Strepsirhini
Haplorhine

4. Primate Characteristics
Brain is large, heavy in proportion to body weight, and very complex
Depth perception
Intensified sense of touch
Binocular stereoscopic vision

5. Primate Characteristics
Generalized set of teeth, suited to insect eating but also fruits and leaves.
Skeleton has adaptations for upright posture and flexibility of limb movement.
Fewer offspring born to each female and a longer period of infant dependency.

6. Binocular Stereoscopic Vision

7. Apes and Humans Apes are humans’ closest relatives.
Apes include gibbons, siamangs, orangutans, gorillas, bonobos, and chimpanzees.
Genetic structure and biochemistry reveal that bonobos, chimpanzees, and gorillas are closer to humans than to orangutans, gibbons, and siamangs.

8. Evolutionary Relationships
Humans, bonobos, and chimpanzees are between 98 and 99% identical.
Bonobos and chimps have an extra pair of chromosomes. Of the other pairs, 18 are virtually identical.
Fewer differences than gibbons and siamangs which, in captivity, have produced live hybrid.

9. Primate Social Life Most species live and travel in groups.
Bonobos and chimpanzees - females transfer between groups. Sons remain with their mother for life.
Gorillas - either males or females may transfer.
In all three species, males and females are organized into dominance hierarchies.

10. Primate Social Life
Grooming is a sign of closeness between individuals.
Elaborate systems of communication based on vocalizations and gestures.
Move about within home ranges, rather than defended territories.

11. Primate Life Cycle

12. Common Ancestors

13. Diet Made up of a variety of fruits, leaves, and insects.
Bonobos and chimpanzees sometimes hunt, kill, and eat animals.
Among chimps, most hunting is done by males and may require considerable teamwork.
Once a kill is made, the meat is generally shared with other animals.

14. Learned Behavior
From adults, juveniles learn to use a variety of tools and substances.
Innovations made by one individual may be adopted by others, standardized, and passed on to succeeding generations.
Practices are learned, socially shared, and often differ from one group to another.