1. 31.3 Vertebrates Primates (order Primates)
Most are adapted to an arboreal life (in trees)
Limbs are mobile
Hands and feet have digits
Opposable thumbs (sometimes big toes)
Eyes in the front of the head
Large, complex brain
Generally give birth to one offspring at a time
Extended period of juvenile dependency
2 suborders – prosimians and anthropoids

2. 31.4 Human Evolution All primates share one common ancestor
Prosimians (lemurs and tarsiers) were the first types of primates to diverge from the human line of descent
African apes were the last group to diverge from our line of descent
Molecular data suggest that the split between the ape and human lineages occurred about 6–8 million years ago (mya)

3. 31.4 Human Evolution
One of the most unfortunate misconceptions concerning human evolution is the belief that Darwin and others suggested that humans evolved from apes
On the contrary, humans and apes shared a common apelike ancestor
Today’s apes are our distant cousins, and we couldn’t have evolved from our cousins because we are contemporaries—living on Earth at the same time

4. Evolution of Primates Humans hominin Chimpanzees Hominines hominin
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common ancestor
Humans
hominin
Chimpanzees
Hominines
hominin
common
chimpanzee
Hominids
Gorillas
Hominoids
western
lowland
gorilla
Orangutans
Bornean
orangutan
Anthropoids
Gibbons
white-handed
gibbon
rhesus
monkey
Old World Monkeys
capuchin
monkey
New World Monkeys
Tarsiers
ring-tailed
lemur
Philippine
tarsier
Prosimians
Lemurs 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Million Years Ago (MYA)
PRESENT

5. Comparison of human and chimp Genome

6. ORDER: Primates CLASSIFICATION • Adapted to an arboreal life
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ORDER: Primates
• Adapted to an arboreal life
• Prosimians, Anthropoids
CLASSIFICATION
FAMILY: Hominidae (hominids)
SUBFAMILY: Homininae (hominines)
TRIBE*: Hominini (hominins)
Early Humanlike Hominins
Sahelanthropus,
ardipithecines
Later Humanlike Hominins
australopithecines
GENUS: Homo (humans)
Homo habilis,
Early Homo
Homo rudolfensis,
Brain size greater
Homo ergaster,
than 600 cc; tool use
Homo erectus
and culture
Later Homo
Homo heidelbergensis,
Brain size greater
Homo neandertalensis,
than 1,000 cc; tool
Homo sapiens
use and culture

7. Human Evolution Sahelanthropus tchadensis Australopithecus afarensis
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Sahelanthropus
tchadensis
Australopithecus
afarensis
Paranthropus
robustus
Homo habilis
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
Homo neandertalensis
Homo heidelbergensis
Homo erectus
Homo ergaster
Homo rudolfensis
Australopithecus garhi
Homo habilis
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus anamensis
Paranthropus aethiopicus
Paranthropus boisei
Ardipithicus ramidus
Paranthropus robustus
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
7.5 7
6.5 6
5.5 5
4.5 4
3.5 3
2.5 2
1.5 1
0.5
Million Years Ago (MYA)

8. 31.4 Human Evolution Australopithecines
Evolved in Africa 4 million years ago
Went extinct about 1 million years ago
Small brain (apelike) and walked erect (humanlike)
Mosaic evolution
Meaning that different body parts changed at different rates and therefore at different times
No evidence of tool use
Some were “gracile,” others robust
“Lucy”

9. Australopithecus afarensis

10. 31.4 Human Evolution Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis
First people to use stone tools
Socially organized
Probably scavengers
Omnivorous – smaller cheek teeth
Larger brain
Less protruding face

11. Homo habilis

12. 31.4 Human Evolution Homo ergaster and Homo erectus
Fossils date between 1.9 and 0.3 million years ago
Larger brain than H. hablis
Flatter face with projecting nose
Stood erect with striding gait
Evidence of migration from Africa to Asia
Tools were advanced compared to compared to H. hablis
First to use fire – may have cooked meet

13. Homo ergaster neck of femur femur
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neck of femur
femur

14. 31.4 Human Evolution Homo floresiensis
2007 study supports the hypothesis that this hominin evolved from normal- sized, island hopping Homo erectus
Small in size compared to other hominids
Island dwarfing
Likely co-existed with modern Homo sapiens

17. Homo ergaster evolves into modern humans in Asia, Africa, and Europe.
31.4 Human Evolution
Evolution of Modern Humans
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ASIA
AFRICA
EUROPE
ASIA
AFRICA
EUROPE
0.1
0.1
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
Homo ergaster evolves into modern humans
in Asia, Africa, and Europe.
Homo sapiens
interbreeding 1
Millions of Years Ago (MYA) 1
Millions of Years Ago (MYA)
Modern humans evolve
in Africa and migrate
to Asia and Europe.
interbreeding
migration of
Homo ergaster
migration of
Homo ergaster
migration of
Homo ergaster
migration of
Homo ergaster 2 2
Homo ergaster
Homo ergaster
a. Multiregional continuity
b. Out of Africa (replacement model)

18. 31.4 Human Evolution Neanderthals Homo neandertalensis
Lived between 200,000 and 280,000 years ago
According to the replacement model, Neanderthals were displaced by modern humans
Massive brow ridges, protruding nose, jaws, and teeth
Culturally advanced – used tools, cooked their food, buried their dead with flowers, may have had a religion

19. Neanderthals

20. 31.4 Human Evolution Cro-Magnons
Oldest fossils to be designated H. sapiens sapiens
Modern appearance
Made advanced stone tools, were the first to hunt with knives and spears
Hunted cooperatively
May have been the first to have language
Culture included art - sculpture and painting

21. Cro-Magnons