1. Norton’s Field Guide to Writing
Ch. 1-4, 6

2. Rhetorical Situations
This is part of Part 1 of our textbook called “Rhetorical Situations”
So, we should begin by asking the question: “What is rhetoric?”

3. Rhetoric
As defined by Aristotle, is the use of “any available means to achieve persuasion”
In other words, making use of what you know and what is at your disposal to persuade an audience.
This leads to another question…

4. What is Persuasion
It can be given as “the action or fact of persuading someone or of being persuaded to do or believe something.”
So, it means conveying information in a way that has the person at a point where they hear (or see) something you want them to believe and do believe/trust you.

5. The Appeals
Aristotle noted that there are THREE primary means of persuading someone
Logos
Pathos
Ethos

6. It’s all Greek to me…
These Greek terms roughly break down as follows (for our purposes)
Logos – this is persuasion via logic, reasons, and evidence
Pathos – this is an appeal to one’s emotions and feelings
Ethos – this is the appeal (to your audience) of how much they trust what you have to say or your authority to comment on a matter

7. How does this apply to writing?
Looking now at Ch.1 of our text, it states that “All writing has a purpose” (3).
It can be used in many different ways, to explore one’s self, communicate to others, entertain, keep a record, and/or persuade (3).
The fact is, there are often several of these “purposes” being applied at any given time, not simply one of them.

8. Example: 2012 New York Times op-ed (opinion-editorial) by Paul Krugman

9. What is Krugman doing? 1. Reporting Information 2. Making an Argument
The point is this: it is important for writers to understand and be able to identify the purpose for which they are writing. It “can determine the genre we use, our audience, even the way we design what we write” (4).

10. Point to Focus on
Always ask yourself what the primary purpose of what it is you are writing.
If its an assignment, ask yourself what the primary purpose aims to achieve and which course you think will work best to achieve the aim of that assignment.

11. Audience
Ch. 2 of our text addresses the next element in taking a rhetorical stance – audience.
What this means is: “who will read (or hear) what you are writing? “ (5).

12. Simple example Our text points out a simple text from your own mother:
“Pls. take chicken out to thaw and feed Annye. Remember Dr. Wong at 4.”
Simple right? Three tasks: thaw chicken, feed Annye, and go to doctor at 4

13. But wait, there’s more This is in fact more complex than it appears.
There is compressed information here that only makes sense because it is communicated by the mother to her son/daughter.
If you didn’t know it was a text message, from a parent, you may read that with complete confusion.

14. Choice of genre
What you choose to communicate and how is important to who is reading it.
Would you send an to someone who is grieving over a death when you could call?
Would you use a text filled with IM language and send it to your grand parents?

15. Knowing Audience
Taking into account who your audience is or might be is important to choices we make in writing.
It’s not always the teacher.
A skill that you will find invaluable is the ability to identify and properly address the audience before you and recognize the changes in method and what is accepted for that audience.

16. If I told you this…
If I’d told you that your writing assignment on Monday was for a 100 pt. grade and I was going to check it for grammar, clarity, etc., and you had till the end of the week, would you have turned it in on a loose piece of paper as you were walking out that day?

17. Jumping ahead to stance
Moving ahead to Ch. 4, let’s talk about “Stance”
This is the attitude or position you take when you are writing about an issue.
Take Miley Cyrus, how did you feel about her actions – that was your stance – after reading the article

18. Discovering Stance
When you read a work or something written by others, it is important that one be able to recognize there stance on an issue.
We sometimes call this bias.
Knowing this, how does it affect your impression of what they are saying?
If a reader uncovers your “stance” on something, how will it affect their impression?

19. Academic Writing and Context
Key Features:
Evidence that you’ve carefully considered the subject.
A clear, appropriately qualified thesis.
A response to what others have said.
Good reasons supported by evidence.
Acknowledgement of multiple perspectives.
Carefully documented sources.
A confident, authoritative stance.
An indication of why your topic matters.
Carful attention to correctness.