1. Speeches
8TH GRADE LITERATURE

3. What is a speech?
A formal address or discourse delivered to an audience
What is rhetoric?
The study of writing or speaking as a means of communication or persuasion

4. Figurative Language Used in Speeches
Metaphor: between two things that are unrelated but share some common characteristics
Hyperbole: exaggerated statements
Simile: makes a direct comparison with the help of the words “like” or “as”
Symbolism: use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities
Alliteration: occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words
Onomatopoeia: formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named
Juxtaposition
Personification
Assonance
Irony: opposite meaning
(Flowcabulary for review – optional)

5. Three Main Types of Speeches
Informative: provides interesting and useful information to increase the knowledge of the audience
Persuasive: speaker has a goal of convincing the audience to accept his or her point of view
Motivational: speech written to persuade, or convince the audience s to take action to improve
Inspirational: speech written to persuade, or convince the listener that they can succeed
Special Occasion: Pays tribute or praise to a person, an institution, an event, idea, or place.
Acceptance: an expression of gratitude for some form of award which has been given on the basis of merit or excellence
Tribute: to show thanks or respect and increase the knowledge of the audience on the subject

6. Goals of the Speech Why is this person delivering this speech?
What is the primary message being delivered?
Educate
Motivate
Persuade
Entertain

7. Analysis Audience and Context Speech Content & Structure
How many people? Demographics of the audience?
Speech Content & Structure
Is the speech focused on the goal?
Delivery Skills and Techniques
What tools did they use to improve their speech?

8. Persuasive Speeches: ARISTOTLE’S RHETORIC
Of the modes of persuasion furnished by the spoken word there are three kinds. The first kind depends on the personal character of the speaker [ethos]; the second on putting the audience into a certain frame of mind [pathos]; the third on the proof, or apparent proof, provided by the words of the speech itself [logos]. Persuasion is achieved by the speaker’s personal character when the speech is so spoken as to make us think him credible.  
–Aristotle

9. Rhetorical Devices
A rhetorical device is a technique that a speaker uses to convey to the listener a meaning with the goal of persuading him or her towards considering a topic from a different perspective, using sentences designed to encourage or provoke a rational argument from an emotional display of a given perspective or action
You will be given a handout with a list of these devices – some of them are also examples of figurative language!

10. ETHOS Ethos – Personal Character of the Speaker
The mode of persuasion “Ethos” deals with the character of the speaker. The intent of the speaker is to appear credible. According to Aristotle, there are three prequisites that are necessary to appear credible: Competence, Good Intention, Empathy
The influencing factors for ethos encompass elements such as clothes, vocabulary, slang and other social aspects like rank, popularity, etc. These factors effect the appearance and reception of the speaker.
Additionally, the speaker can use statements to position themselves. They can reveal social hierarchies, show preferences and distastes, etc.

11. LOGOS Logos – Content and Argumentation
A logical appeal involves offering a central idea and developing it with a variety of examples and clear reasoning. Logos speaks to reason by providing facts, statistics, examples, expert testimony, or logic.
“…Persuasion is effected through the speech itself when we have proved a truth or an apparent truth by means of the persuasive arguments suitable to the case in question.” - Aristotle

12. PATHOS Pathos – Emotional Influence of the Speaker on the Audience
Pathos encompasses the emotional influence on the audience. The goal of each speech is to persuade the audience, therefore it is necessary to put the audience in the appropriate emotional states.
The public speaker has several possibilities to elicit emotions in the audience. Yet, it is crucial that there is a basic knowledge about the audience.

13. USING ALL THREE
One mark of a truly great persuasive speech, experts in rhetoric say, is a balanced and seamless blend of all three appeals throughout the text.

17. President Bush 9/11 Speech vs. FDR’s Pearl Harbor Speech
Socratic Seminar Prep
President Bush 9/11 Speech vs. FDR’s Pearl Harbor Speech

20. Speech Analysis Project Handout
(show example)