1. COLD WAR AND A NEW WESTERN WORLD 1945-1970
CHAPTER 28
COLD WAR AND A NEW WESTERN WORLD

2. COLD WAR AND A NEW WESTERN WORLD 1945-1970
EUROPE IN 1945
60 million killed in WW II
Major cities destroyed
Famine and homelessness
Transportation system paralyzed
Refugees and displaced people
Destruction of European supremacy in world affairs
End of European colonies
Recovery and renewal in the Europe after the war
The Cold War – East v. West = USA v. USSR

3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLD WAR
The USA and the USSR
Allies in WW II
Disagreement on the nature of the postwar European world
Once the war is won they have nothing in common

4. The Origins of the Cold War
The common concerns that had united the former allies (namely the fight against fascism and Nazi Germany) disappeared leaving only two radically different political, social, economic and ideological systems. Donette Murray, To What Extent was the Cold War a Struggle between Irreconcilable Ideologies? (1999)

5. CONFRONTATION OF THE SUPER POWERS
Eastern Europe
USA and Britain want self determination and democratic elections in Eastern Europe
Soviet Union rejected free elections and the Red Army installs pro-Soviets regimes
Post-war Eastern Europe
Soviet buffer zone
Totalitarian/communist systems

6. THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947
US would provide aid to any country that was being threatened by communist expansion
The policy began with assistance to Greece and Turkey

7. President Truman on the differences between democracy and communism
One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio; fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms. A speech by President Truman of the US (1947)

8. THE MARSHALL PLAN 1947
called the EUROPEAN RECOVERY PROGRAM – designed to rebuild stability and prosperity
US provides $13 billion for economic recovery
Named after American Secretary of State
Marshall Plan money offered to all of Europe  Stalin forced E. Europe to refuse assistance
Terror+

9. ERP = EUROPEAN RECOVERY PROGRAM/THE MARSHALL PLAN

10. THE POLICY OF “CONTAINMENT”
The primary foreign policy of the US after WW II
US would work to stop/limit/contain Soviet communist expansion
Focus of containment was originally centered Europe and Japan
Later containment become global
GEORGE KENNAN = US diplomat and father of containment policy
Use military, economic, and diplomatic resources for containment

11. THE FATHER OF CONTAINMENT

12. GERMANY AFTER WW II
Policy of de-Nazification -> Nuremberg Trials ->war crimes -> “crimes against humanity”
Germany divided into 4 zones of occupation
US, Britain, France in West/Soviets in the East
German capital of Berlin was in the Eastern zone Berlin divided into 4 zones
Soviets looted their zone
Soviet zone controlled by Walter Ulbricht and the German Communist Party
The 3 Western zones are merged
1948 plans are made to form a separate West German state
Soviets respond with the BERLIN BLOCKADE

13. RED CHINA 1949 Mao Zedong = leader of the Chinese Communist Party
Communists win the civil
war in 1949
Red China = communist China

14. “Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.”
Mao Zedong

15. THE SOVIET BOMB In 1949 tests its first atomic bomb
The nuclear arms race begins
Soviets steal many of the atomic secrets from the US

16. DUELING MILITARY ALLIANCES
NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization  US and its allies
WARSAW PACT = Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

17. THE KOREAN WAR 1950 After WW II Korea is divided at the 38th parallel
North Korea = communist
South Korea = noncommunist/US ally
1950 N. Korea invades the South Korea
US forces led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur are rushed to help the South
Bitter fighting – north and south are still divided today!

18. THE DEATH OF STALIN 1953

19. ICBM’s Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles 1957
By the late 1950’s Soviets and US could fire nuclear missiles at each other
The Balance of Terror -> MAD = mutual assured destruction

20. SPUTNIK Soviets launch the first space satellite in 1957
Causes fear in the West

21. THE BERLIN WALL 1961
Wall erected to separate East and West Berlin

23. PROOF OF THE FAILURE OF COMMUNIST TOTALITARIANISM
The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer) was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, which circumscribed a wide area (later known as the "death strip") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, "fakir beds" and other defenses. The Soviet-dominated Eastern Bloc officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. However, in practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post–World War II period.

24. COMMUNIST CUBA
Fidel Castro 1959 – est. Soviet backed communist dictatorship in Cuba
The Bay of Pigs 1961 – failed US attempt to overthrow Castro
The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 – Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba

25. WAR IN INDOCHINA
The French fight a colonial war of independence led by HO CHI MINH
French are defeated at the BATTLE OF DIEN BIEN PHU  French give up control of Vietnam in 1954