1. Growth and Development
Theorists
Growth and Development

2. Growth and Development

3. Child Development Study of the child from conception to age 18
Child Development Study of the child from conception to age 18. How a child develops socially, emotionally, physically and cognitively.

4. Growth: Physical increase in size that is easily observed.

5. Development: The ability of a child to do things that are complex and difficult.

6. Five Stages of Development 1. INFANCY ( 0-12 months)

7. TODDLER (12 months-3 years)

8. PRESCHOOL (3-6 years)

9. SCHOOL-AGE (6-12 years)

10. ADOLESCENTS (13-18years)

11. HEAD TO FOOT
Baby’s head takes lead in development. Two months after conception the head is half the size of the fetus. The newborn’s head is large in proportion to his body. Baby first learns to lift head to see, then he uses arms and hands to get an object. Lastly he learns to walk to get the object.

13. NEAR TO FAR
Development starts at the trunk of the body and moves outward. Babies simply wave arms at first when they see something they want. It is later that they develop enough to pick up objects with thumb and fingers.

14. Simple to Complex
Growth proceeds from the simple to the complex. At first the infant just eats and sleeps. Gradually he learns to hold his bottle, then he can eat with his fingers and finally he learns to use a fork and spoon.

15. Growth is Continuous and Orderly
Both legs and arms grow at the same time and rate; more rapid at times.

16. Areas of Growth and Development

17. Growth and Development
1. Physical
Muscle coordination

18. Growth and Development
2. Cognitive
Knowledge (brain development)

19. Growth and Development
3. Social
Interacting with others

20. Growth and Development
4. Emotional
Understanding feelings
Child feeling love for another

21. Theorists
Erickson
Freud
Gesell
Kohlberg
Maslow
Piaget

22. Why Study the Selected Theories?
Popular and influential
Represent different approaches to parent-child interactions
Offer help in the “real world” of daily child rearing
Make good common sense

23. Why Study the Selected Theories?
Theories help people:
Organize their ideas about raising children
Understand influences on parenting,.
Discover more than one way to interact with children.
Analyze the benefits and consequences of using more than one theory

24. Theorist Presentations
6 Groups
Come up with a fun way to teach the class about your assigned theorist.
Answer each question on the slop of paper given to your group.
Presentations must be creative, and thorough

25. Theorist Round Robin
Visit each station to learn about each of the following theorists:
Erik Erickson
Jean Piaget
Abraham Maslow
Lawrence Kohlberg

26. Erik Erickson
Developed eight specific stages of personality from birth to old age.
He believes that the personality develops continuously throughout the life cycle.
The individual’s personality is in constant motion; it is always re-developing itself.

27. Erik Erickson- Infancy
Trust
Needs were reasonably meet.
Mistrust
Needs were not met reasonably or not at all.

28. Erik Erickson- 2-4 years Autonomy Shame/Doubt Freedom Self direction
independence
“I can do it myself!”
Shame/Doubt
Independence is discouraged.
“Can you do it for me, I can’t do it.”
“I don’t know how.”

29. Erik Erickson- 4-6 years Initiative Guilt Dramatic play Pretend
Sense of right or wrong develops
Guilt
Child is told his activities are senseless or stupid.

30. Erik Erickson- School Age 6-12 years
Industry
Encourage curiosity
Work is worthwhile
Work is meaningful
Inferiority
Industry is discouraged

31. Erik Erickson- Adolescence
Identity
Comfortable with yourself
Like yourself
Role Confusion
Concerned with how you appear to others
Brand name clothing
Gangs
Cannot care about others- too busy with self

32. Erik Erickson- Young Adulthood
Intimacy
Can care about another person
Finding a companion to share life with
Isolation
Cannot care about another person- hasn't found himself yet!

33. Erik Erickson- Adulthood
Generativity
Concern for family members
Concern for others beyond family
Self-Absorption
Makes own needs the primary concern

34. Erik Erickson- Aging Integrity Despair
Looks back on life with satisfaction
Despair
Has regrets about how life has been
Cannot live with their mistakes

35. Memory Jogger
Erikson=8 Letters for 8 stages of man (hold up 8 fingers)
Letter E = Erikson, Eight, Emotional

36. Sigmund Freud Influenced many theorists works over the years.
Best known for the theoretical components of personality and the psycho sexual stages.

37. Sigmund Freud- Components of Personality
Unconscious driven motives ID
EGO
SUPEREGO

38. Sigmund Freud- ID This is the pleasure principle.
The ID wants whatever seems satisfying and enjoyable, and wants it NOW!

39. Sigmund Freud- EGO This is the reality principle.
The role of the EGO is to mediate between the ID and the SUPEREGO.

40. Sigmund Freud- SUPERGEO
This is the selection of right from wrong principle.
The SUPEREGO is like a relentless conscience that distinguishes right from wrong.

41. Arnold Gesell Concerned with the physical development of children.
Developed age norms of what children should be doing at certain ages.

42. Lawrence Kohlberg Theory is based on how children develop morally.
Three levels of moral development:
Preconventional
Conventional
Post Conventional

43. Lawrence Kohlberg- Preconventional
Children begin life with no sense of right/wrong.
Avoid punished behaviors
Strive for rewarded acts/behaviors

44. Lawrence Kohlberg- Conventional
Age 9- behave according to sense of what other want/need
Follow rules - respect authority
Act in a right or wrong manner

45. Lawrence Kohlberg- Post Conventional
Age 16 - individuals mature morally
Respect human rights
Develop individual principles to guide their behavior
Motivation comes from within
Progressed from simply following the rules

46. Abraham Maslow
Humanistic theory in which each person has his own inner nature and a strong motivation to express that nature.
Created the hierarchy of needs
If the base of the triangle is not met, other needs will be stunted.

47. Abraham Maslow - Physiological Needs
Air
Food
Rest
Drink

48. Abraham Maslow - Safety Needs
Security
Stability
Freedom from fear and anxiety

49. Abraham Maslow - Love and Belonging
Affection
Intimacy from friends and family

50. Abraham Maslow - Esteem Needs
Self-respect
Respect for others

51. Abraham Maslow - Self-actualization Needs
Doing what one is suited for
Doing what one is capable of

52. Abraham Maslow
Maslow estimated that only 2% of people reach the level of Self-Actualization.

53. Jean Piaget
Concerned with children’s cognitive and mental development.
He believed children at different ages think differently.
Developed four stages

54. Jean Piaget - Sensorimotor
Birth - age two
It has six sub-stages
Children learn and experience the world through their senses.
They combine the use of their sense with their motor skills
Child is egocentric
Experiment, solve problems, and pretend

55. Jean Piaget - Preoperational
Ages 2-7
Begins to form concepts and use symbols
Communication and language development
Imitate actions
Not interested in logical explanations- want to discover for self.
Less egocentric, but still think people think the same way they do

56. Preoperational Test

57. Jean Piaget - Concrete Operational
Ages 7-11
Learn to use simple, deductive logic
Imagines what other people might think or feel- thinking more flexible
Must involve concrete objects- real life

58. Law of Conservation
Which one has more?

59. million tons of feathers?
Which is heavier?
A million tons of lead
or a
million tons of feathers?

60. Jean Piaget - Formal Operational
Ages 11-15
Highest level of mental development
Can think abstractly, draw accurate conclusions
Look to future- recall the past
Some people never master all the intellectual skills associated with this stage

61. Memory Jogger
Notice his name ends with “get” and he taught children how to “get smart”
Get Smart- point to the head and say get smart!

62. Formal Operations Test
“If Edith has a lighter complexion than Susan, and Edith is darker than Lily, who is the darkest?”

63. Formal Operations Test
“If a card has a vowel on one side,
then it has an even number on the other side.”

64. Card Answer
Answer to the card question:  The E and the 7.  The E must have an even number on the back -- that much is obvious.  The 7 is odd, so it cannot have a vowel on the other side -- that would be against the rule!  But the rule says nothing about what has to be on the back of a consonant such as the K, nor does it say that the 4 must have a vowel on the other side!

65. Reflection #4 and Date
Agree or disagree: There are no bad children, only bad parents. Explain