1. 12
Gender, Race, and Ethnicity in the Labor Market

2. Table 12.1 Shares of the Civilian Labor Force for Major Demographic Groups: 1988, 1998, 2008, 2018

3. Figure Mean Earnings as a Percentage of White Male Earnings, Various Demographic Groups, Full-Time Workers over 24 Years Old, 2008

4. Table Female Earnings as a Percentage of Male Earnings, by Age and Education, Full-Time Workers, 2008

5. Table Female/Male Earnings Ratios and Percentages of Female Jobholders, Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Selected High- and Low-Paying Occupations, 2009

6. Table Employment Ratios, Labor-Force Participation Rates, and Unemployment Rates, by Race and Gender,a 1970–2009

7. Table 12.5 Male Earnings Differences, by Ancestry, 1990

8. Figure 12.2 Equilibrium Employment of Women or Minorities in Firms That Discriminate

9. Figure 12.3 Market Demand for Women or Minorities as a Function of Relative Wages

10. Figure 12.4 Effects on Relative Wages of an Increased Number of Nondiscriminatory Employers

11. Figure 12.5 Effects on Relative Wages of a Decline in the Discriminatory Preferences of Employers

12. Figure 12.6 The Screening Problem

13. Figure 12.7 Labor Market Crowding

14. Figure 12.8 Search-Related Monopsony and Wage Discrimination

15. Table Change in the Racial Composition of a 1,600-Person Job Group with Nondiscriminatory Hiring from a Pool That Is 12 Percent Black (20 Percent Yearly Turnover Rate)