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Figure 2.1: The Major Models of Psychopathology
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Figure 2.2: The Internal Structure of the Brain
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Figure 2.4: Synaptic Transmission
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Figure 2.5: Neurotransmitter Binding
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Neurotransmitters - Function
Acetylcholine Controls muscles Related to attention and memory Dopamine Control of muscles High amounts can cause hallucinations Endorphins Suppresses pain GABA Inhibitory Norepinephrine Mood, arousal, alertness May be involved in mood and eating disorders Serotonin Suppresses activity and causes sleep Linked with anxiety, mood and eating disorders
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Genetic Explanations Alcoholism Schizophrenia Depression
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Criticisms of Biological Models
Diagnosis Ignores other influences Diathesis-Stress Theory Learned Helplessness
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Psychodynamic Defense Mechanisms
Repression Blocking information from consciousness Reaction Formation Convert impulses into the exact opposite Projection Attributing threats or thoughts to others Rationalization Explaining behavior with socially acceptable reasons Displacement Directing emotion to a substitute target Undoing A symbolic attempt to right a wrong Regression Retreat to earlier development
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Psychoanalysis
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Personality Structure
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Fixation: Emotional development gets stuck at a
particular psychosexual stage
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Three Types of Anxiety Figure Pg
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Post-Freudian Perspectives
Less emphasis on sex Freedom of choice and goals Ego autonomy Social forces Object relations Treatment of seriously disturbed people
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Criticisms of Psychodynamic Model
Not testable Gender Biased SES/Class Bias Just as effective as Placebo No treatment
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A Basic Classical Conditioning Process
Figure 2.7 Pg
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John Watson and Little Albert
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The Operant Conditioning Model: Law of effect
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Reinforcement and Punishment
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Observational Learning
You must: Attend Remember Repeat Decide
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Analysis of Behavioral Models
Contributions: Environment Scientific Method Therapeutic Techniques Criticisms: Animal studies Mechanistic Dismisses other approaches
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Cognitive Models Aaron Beck Albert Ellis
Thinking is organized in 3 levels Voluntary thoughts Spontaneous thoughts Assumptions about yourself and your world Albert Ellis Irrational thought patterns form your belief system Mustabatory Activities Should Must Ought
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Figure 2.8: Ellis’s A-B-C- Theory of Personality
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Humanistic Approaches
“Reality” Free will “Wholeness” We have the ability to become what we want to be Carl Rogers Person-Centered Therapy Therapists attitudes and relationship Active listening
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Abraham Maslow’s Actualizing Tendency
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Family Treatment Approaches
Communication Message-sending and message-receiving skills Strategic Therapy is a power struggle between client and therapist Structural family approach The system of relationships need to be modified/restructured
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Multicultural Model Inferiority model Deprivations or deficit model
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Criticisms of Multicultural Model
Cultural Relativism Cultural Universality
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Figure 2.9: A Tripartite Framework of Personal Identity
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Psychosocial Rehabilitation
Rehabilitate back into society Hope Empowerment Self-responsibility Maintaining a meaningful role in life
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