1. EVOLUTION
Change in a species over time

2. Diversity
Huge variety of animal and plant life - living organisms as well as fossils

4. Adaptation
Plants and animals were well suited to the environments in which they lived
physical and behavioral traits enabled them to survive

5. Galapagos Islands Finches: type of bird in the Galapagos
isolated on islands so these birds demonstrated the ability to adapt to environmental changes
Rosemary and Peter Grant

6. Other scientists support of evolution
Anatomists: study of structure of adult animals
Homologous Structures:
similar bony structures in different organisms
develop from the same type of tissue in an embryo

8. Other scientists support of evolution
Analogous Structures: similar in function, but different in embryonic development

9. Other scientists support of evolution
Embryology: looked at embryo’s of different organisms and noted similarities

10. Other scientists support of evolution
Vestigial Organs: structures that appear to have lost their function in an organism

11. Other scientists support of evolution
Geologic Explanations: the face of the Earth can change, why not life on earth?

12. Darwin’s Findings
Overproduction: capacity of every species to produce more offspring than can survive
Fitness: species have to reproduce and pass on their genes successfully to survive

13. Competition Struggle for existence Between species Within species
For food, water, shelter

14. Variation
Differences between the members of a species make every individual different from every other individual

15. Adaptations “Survival of the fittest”
Those best adapted to the environment will survive longer and reproduce more successfully than individuals less adapted

16. Natural Selection Favorable variations will be passed on
Unfavorable variations will be eliminated from future generations

18. Speciation
Results from accumulated variations in an isolated population: new species are formed
Each living species is descended from other species over time and share a common ancestor: ADAPTIVE RADIATION

19. How fast does evolution occur?
Gradualism: occurs slowly over time (millions of years): Darwin’s theory supports this
Punctuated Equilibrium: species stays the same for a long period of time. The appearance of a new species disrupts the balance allowing for a short period of rapid evolution: Steven J. Gould

21. How Does Variation Happen?
Population Genetics:
population: group of individuals of the same species, living in the same locations and capable of reproducing
Gene Pool: mixture of all possible alleles within a population
can determine the frequency of any allele in a gene pool (1 in one million to 100%)

22. How Does Variation Happen?
Mutations: changes in DNA that changes the information carried by the gene
can be positive or negative mutations (may or may not survive)

23. How Does Variation Happen?
Gene Recombination: occurs during sexual reproduction when genes from two parents are mixed to produce offspring

24. How Does Variation Happen?
Migration: when an individual leaves a population and moves to a new population bringing their genes to the new gene pool and taking away genes from the old gene pool

25. How Does Variation Happen?
Genetic Drift: occurs in small populations, not large ones
bad because decreases the variation in the gene pool
if only a few organisms have certain alleles and they are destroyed before they have reproduced, the alleles are lost

26. How Does Variation Happen?
Hardy-Weinberg Law
does not exist in nature, just tells us under what conditions we can stop evolution
mathematical analysis of allele frequencies
No evolution under the following conditions:
population must be large
Individuals cannot migrate
mutations cannot occur
Reproduction must be completely random

27. Types of Speciation
Isolation: something that prevents two groups of the same species from interbreeding
new gene pools evolve

28. Types of Speciation
Geographic Isolation: happens when a species is separated by some natural barrier such as a desert, mountain or body of water
the species adapts to the environment in which it lives

29. Types of Speciation
Reproductive Isolation: When a species becomes separated, goes through evolution and loses the ability to interbreed

30. Convergent evolution
Organisms not closely related develop analogous structures due to adaptation to their environment

31. Coevolution
When two species evolve in response to one another either competitively or cooperatively
flowers and bees: flowers have adaptations that attract bees

32. Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics
Mutations have occurred in bacteria that allow them to resist antibiotics and survive.
The bacteria that survive are able to reproduce and pass on the mutation to their offspring, creating a generation of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics

34. Scientists Stanley Miller and Harold Urey: 1953
Simulated primitive conditions on earth to create organic compounds

37. Heterotroph Hypothesis
Lynne Margulis: U Mass Amherst
Primitive atmosphere: ammonia, methane, water and hydrogen gases
Organic Compounds: Simple sugars and amino acids formed by combining inorganic raw materials in a “hot, thin soup”
Aided by heat and electricity

38. Heterotroph Hypothesis
Aggregates: clusters or groups of complex molecules, absorbed simple organic raw materials from the environment for food: heterotrophs
Heterotroph to Autotroph: heterotrophs performed anaeorbic respiration creating CO2 because there was no oxygen in the atmosphere

39. Heterotroph Hypothesis
Increased amount of CO2 lead to evolution of organisms who could use CO2 produce their own organic compounds
Anaerobes to aerobes: Once the organisms were producing their own food through photosynthesis, oxygen was added to the atmosphere and the heterotrophic organisms evolved to be able to use the oxygen to make larger amounts of energy than they could using anaerobic respiration