1. A Silicon Detector for the ILC for the ILC – What is needed…
SiD
A Silicon Detector for the ILC
for the ILC – What is needed…
Martin Breidenbach
Martin Breidenbach

2. SiD Optimization September 2016
Outline
Why a high performance detector for ILC?
What is SiD?
What is the maturity of the design?
What is needed in the US & Japan?
…..With a perspective on where we started
SiD Optimization September 2016

3. The Physics Opportunities
The ILC machine offers unique advantages
Clean environment
Well defined initial states
Possibility to do threshold scans
High e+ and e- Beam Polarization
Small radius beampipe for efficient flavor tagging
No Triggering! See everything
High energy 500 GeV cm baseline, 1 TeV upgrade
This allows
Precise studies of the Higgs & Top – study all Higgs decays by tagging recoil Z
High precision, model independent measurements of all B.R.’s
Access to all Higgs decays – coupling to DM??
Access to states hidden in LHC backgrounds: DM, LSP
LCC Physics Working Group arxiv.org/pdf/ pdf
SiD Optimization September 2016

4. SiD Optimization September 2016
Different challenges
Calorimeter granularity
Need factor ~200 better than LHC
Pixel size
Need factor ~20 smaller than LHC
Material budget, central tracking
Need factor ~10 less than LHC
Material budget, forward tracking
Need factor ~ >100 less than LHC
Clarify which systems, possibly remove
Requirements for Timing, Data rate and Radiation hardness are
very modest compared to LHC
SiD Optimization September 2016

5. SiD Optimization September 2016
SiD is a compact, cost constrained detector designed to make precision measurements and be sensitive to a wide range of new phenomena.
SiD Optimization September 2016

6. SiD Optimization September 2016
SiD Cost Scale
The SiD construction cost estimate from the DBD is:
Base M&S M$
Contingency M&S 127 M$
Engineering Man-Years
Technical Man-Years
It is a relatively modest cost.
In 2004, a cost constraint was estimated at 10% of the LC budget for two detectors – or about 350 M$.
SiD Optimization September 2016

7. Architecture arguments
Silicon is expensive, so limit area by limiting radius
Get back BR2 by pushing B (~5T)
This argument is very dependent on the cost of Si, which is largely unknown for these quantities….)
Maintain tracking resolution by using silicon strips
Buy safety margin for VXD with the 5T B-field.
Keep (?) track finding by using 5 VXD space points to determine track – tracker measures sagitta.
1 March 2004
SLAC Faculty Retreat M. Breidenbach

8. Vertexing= VXD Design drivers: Smallest radius possible
5 barrel layers
4 end disks
Z= 6.25cm 5T
SiD00 R
[cm]
Design drivers:
Smallest radius possible
Clear pair background
Seed tracks & vertexing
Improve forward region
Role:
SLUO M. Breidenbach
Z [cm]

9. Vertexing Thickness and mechanical design of endplate & support
Concept of VXD support (started at Snowmass)
Issues considering:
Thickness and mechanical design of endplate & support
Sensor technology ( several being pursued; common among all concepts; more in summary)
Increase # layers by 1 in barrel & endcap
SLUO M. Breidenbach

10. SiD Optimization September 2016
Vertex Detector
Many potential technology choices
No baseline selected yet
Technology not there yet
Requirements
<5 µm hit resolution
~ 0.1 % X0 per layer
Gas cooled, total power ~20 W.
Single bunch timing resolution
Insertion of Vertex Detector straightforward
Change and late technology choice possible
Barrel and Disk Configuration:
Uniform angular coverage and response
SiD Optimization September 2016

11. Tracking I - 2004 Closed CF/Rohacell cylinders
SID00
Closed CF/Rohacell cylinders
Nested support via annular rings
Power/readout motherboard mounted on support rings
Cylinders tiled with 10x10cm sensors with readout chip
Single sided (f) in barrel
R, f in disks
Modules mainly silicon with minimal support (0.8% X0)
Overlap in phi and z
SLUO M. Breidenbach

12. Tracking II - 2004 Obtained momentum resolution 0.5%
SDAUG05: 5T, R=125cm
SD PETITE: 5T, R=100cm
LOW FIELD: 4T, R=125cm
At 90o
0.5%
Excellent momentum resolution
SLUO M. Breidenbach

13. Tracking Performance - 2014
SiD tracking is integrated
Vertex and Tracker
10 Hits/track coverage for almost entire polar angle
Tracking system
Achieves desired ΔpT/pT resolution of 1.46 ·10-5 pt
>99 % efficiency over most of the phase space
Impact parameter resolution of ~ 2 µm demonstrated

14. SiD Optimization September 2016
Silicon Strip Tracker
All silicon tracker
silicon micro-strip sensors 10 x 10 cm
5 barrel layers and 4 disks
Gas Cooled ~400 w total
Material budget
less than 20 % X0 in the active area
LHC demonstrated Si works very well. Sims show robust tracking performance with backgrounds..Now preferred for high background environment e.g. CLIC.
SiD Optimization September 2016

15. Calorimetry- Optimized for Particle Flow
SiD ECAL
“Imaging” calorimeter utilizing 30 layers of Si with 5 mm pixels.
SiD HCAL
Steel Absorber
40 layers
4.5 Λi
Baseline readout
3x3 cm scintillator w SiPM’s
Particle flow significantly improves jets resolution by reducing contribution of hadron calorimeter resolution.
Pandora simulation: ΔE/E ~3-4%

16. EMCAL - 2004 r-> p+po Si/W pixel size: prototypes are 16 mm2
readout chip: designed for 12 mm2
How small can we go?? 2-4 mm2 ?
Need a physics argument for smaller pixels.
r-> p+po
SLUO M. Breidenbach

17. SiD Optimization September 2016
Compact Electromagnetic Calorimeter w 13 mm Moliere Radius
D 2.5 m
L 4.36 m
29 X0; 1 λ
ΔE/E = 17%/E
Note: SiD Ecal is octagonal, not a dodecahedron as depicted in drawing
t 142 mm
SiD Optimization September 2016

18. The SiW ECAL One ECAL Si sensor
1024 hexagonal pixel
Readout by 1 KPiX
KPiX and cable bump- bonded to the sensor
Analog Readout
Deposited charge
Aim: minimize gap size
Tungsten plates used as heatsink

19. Hadron Calorimetry - 2004 Considering several options for HCal:
SS or Tungsten with any one of 3 readout technologies
Scintillator
GEMs
RPCs
Technology
Proven (SiPM?)
Relatively new
Relatively old
Electronic readout
Analog (multi-bit) or
Semi-digital (few-bit)
Digital (single-bit)
Thickness (total)
~ 8mm
~8 mm
~ 8 mm
Segmentation
3 x 3 cm2
1 x 1 cm2
Pad multiplicity for MIPs
Small cross talk
Measured at 1.27
Measured at 1.6
Sensitivity to neutrons (low energy)
Yes
Negligible
Recharging time
Fast
Fast?
Slow (20 ms/cm2)
Reliability
Proven
Sensitive
Proven (glass)
Calibration
Challenge
Depends on efficiency
Not a concern (high efficiency)
Assembly
Labor intensive
Relatively straight forward
Simple
Cost
Not cheap (SiPM?)
Expensive foils
Cheap
SLUO M. Breidenbach

20. HCAL Baseline in 2014 Digital HCAL Using Glass RPCs
Counting shower particles
Nparticles ~ Energy
Using Glass RPCs
1 x 1 cm2
1 m3 prototype built
channels
Largest Calorimeter by channel so far
muon
8 GeV positron
8 GeV pion
120 GeV proton

21. Hadron calorimeter with SiPMs - CALICE
With the advent of SiPMs, scintillator becomes an option for imaging calorimeter
Without compromising energy resolution
Proof-of-principle with 7600 channel test beam prototype
Simulations validated
And it is a good calorimeter, too: 45%/√E (+) 1.8%
Engineering challenge: electronics integration
~ 5 M channels: not as demanding as ECAL, but still unprecedented
SiD Optimization September 2016

22. Muons - 2014 Major change in baseline option New baseline option
Barrel
Major change in baseline option
Readout technology
New baseline option
Scintillator bars
SiPM readout
First engineering desing of the muon layers
RPC remains an option
Still actively being pursued
Endcap

23. Solenoid - 2004 Same conductor as CMS CMS (4 layer) SiD (6 layer)
Inner radius: ~ 2.5m to ~3.32m, L=5.4m; Stored energy ~ 1.2 GJ
Did feasibility study and convinced ourselves & others that this 5T solenoid can be built, based on CMS design & conductor.
SiD coil
Same conductor as CMS
CMS (4 layer) SiD (6 layer)
CMS 5 modules 2.5 m long SiD 2 modules 2.6 m long
Stresses and forces comparable to CMS.
SLUO M. Breidenbach

24. Solenoid next steps -2004 Wrap saddle coils on support cylinder
Provides field maps for SiD and for MDI questions
Design of Detector-Integrated-Dipole (DID) for beam X-angle 9 20mrad)
0.15 m
0.02 m
Inner radius of dipole coils is 1 cm greater than support cylinder radius
NI per dipole coil
= A-t
Wrap saddle coils on support cylinder
Provides required field
Forces are manageable
Developing parametric cost model based on CMS cost; solenoid is cost driver
SLUO M. Breidenbach

25. Magnet - 2014 The 5 T coil builds on the CMS experience
Especially on the CMS Conductor
Engineering challenges are well understood
Advances in computing ease the design
Summary: Feasibility of SiD design demonstrated

26. SiD Optimization September 2016
SiD iron structure designed for surface assembly and lowering by 5000 ton gantry.
SiD Optimization September 2016

27. Forward Systems SiD has two detectors in its forward region
LumiCal and BeamCal
SiD R&D is part of the worldwide FCAL effort.
Close interactions with MDI group
A dedicated chip for BeamCal (Bean) has been developed

28. Push-Pull Concept Push-Pull using concrete platform
SiD is optimistic to do Push-pull in a few days
Minimum estimate is 32 hours

29. SiD Optimization September 2016
Design Maturity
SiD has a good conceptual design as documented in the LOI and DBD.
SiD does not have a Technical Design Report at the same level of the ILC machine.
SiD had a robust R&D program that has largely wound down because of lack of support.
SLAC Linear Collider Detector Spending
SiD Optimization September 2016

30. SiD Optimization September 2016
SiD conceptual schedule is tied to ILC key dates. Allows 2.5 years for TDR Process
SiD Optimization September 2016

31. SiD Optimization September 2016
TDR
A TDR which allows construction to proceed and reasonably minimizes risk includes design choices and optimization, critical prototypes, and detailed plans.
Critical prototypes include demonstration of sensors and associated electronics, plus construction of a pre-production module (or serious fraction) to demonstrate the mechanical and cooling properties.
Two years for this scope is insufficient, and is behind ILD.
SiD Optimization September 2016

32. SiD Optimization September 2016
SiD Consortium
SiD had 36 U.S. institutions that signed the LOI (out of 77 total).
The U.S. activity is now only SLAC, FNAL, ANL, PNNL and UTA, UCSC, UCD, and UofO. The national lab activity is almost gone.
We thought P5 had provided both the encouragement and basis for some level of support, but DOE has almost stopped ILC detector R&D.
Signals of encouragement from Japan would be extremely helpful.
SiD Optimization September 2016

33. DOE Program Review M. Breidenbach
Timing Analysis! June 2004
2015 Begin Operation ???
6 years construction
3 years serious R&D
2 years – collaboration formation and conceptual design [~now??]
The
3 June 2004
DOE Program Review M. Breidenbach

34. SiD Optimization September 2016
What is needed?
Most important is a signal, understandable by the U.S. government, that Japan wants the ILC.
In the U.S., support based on the P5 recommendations and short range R&D proposals have failed.
The U.S. physics community should consider a strategic unified proposal that addresses the required development of a U.S. community and technical base to be realistically ready for the ILC.
SiD Optimization September 2016

35. SiD Optimization September 2016
Backup
SiD Optimization September 2016

36. SiD Optimization September 2016
Tracker Module
25/50 µm strip pitch
Double metal layers
Two KPiX per sensor, bump bonded to sensor
Cable bump bonded to sensor, short traces on sensor to KPiX
Hybrid-less design
SiD Optimization September 2016

37. KPiX – a readout system on a chip
A 1024 channel system to be bump bonded directly to large Si Sensors – enabling the Si Tracker and EMCal.
Optimized for the ILC, with multi-hit recording during the train, and digitization and readout during the inter-train gap (199 ms).
Front-end power down during inter-train gap. Mean power/channel <20 μW.
Large dynamic range (for calorimetry) by dynamically switching the charge amp feedback cap.
Pixel level trigger; trigger bunch number recorded.
0.15 fC noise floor
Options for RPC readout
Enabling…
SiD Optimization September 2016

38. SiD Optimization September 2016
Muon System
SiD Baseline – long scintillator strips with WLS and SiPM readout
SiD Optimization September 2016