1. Welcome to Grade 10 History

2. What is History?
History is the study of past events that involved or affected people and things.
This study is based on the interpretation of EVIDENCE – without evidence, there is no proof that the event happened.
Does not focus on every event. Only those with historical significance.
Survives if the evidence is important.

3. What is Evidence?
Evidence that comes from the time of the event is called PRIMARY EVIDENCE.
Primary Evidence has an eyewitness quality to it.
Examples of primary evidence include a diary, letter, on-the-spot account, newspaper interview…
It can also be audio-visual and include a film, photograph, recorded song…

4. History is All Around Us
School, town, province, movies, novels, plaques, monuments
Name some of ten ways we remember our past? Discuss

5. Evidence Continued…
Evidence that was created after the event is called SECONDARY EVIDENCE.
Secondary evidence is based on primary evidence.
Examples of secondary evidence includes books, journal and magazine articles, documentary films…
Secondary evidence includes the author’s interpretation and biases.

6. Why Study History?
Learn who we are, where we came from, and why the world has turned out the way it has.
Teaches us a sense of change over time.
Gives us inspiration.
Sense of identity.
Gives us an opportunity to learn from the past

7. Historians are like Detectives
They try to find all of the related evidence about an event.
They try to determine if the evidence is FACT or INFERENCE.
They check for BIAS (If the information is too one-sided or prejudiced).
They then interpret all of the collected evidence and try to draw conclusions from it.
They conclude by presenting a THESIS or main idea and use the evidence to support it.

8. History is not a “Completed” Subject
As old evidence is interpreted differently or new evidence becomes available, history becomes revised and rewritten.
History is DYNAMIC – it’s always changing.

9. There are many sides to a story…
People may have different views of the same historical event.
People may interpret the evidence differently and present completely different accounts and conclusions.
People may sometimes EMBELLISH the evidence or even OMIT some of it.

10. To Wrap Up
Any questions?

11. Canada at the Turn of the 20th Century
Canada was a young country
Laurier was Prime Minister. First French Canadian PM. Came to power in 1896
Much optimism: Expansion west, industry booming, Can-US relations were improving, important colony of the British Empire

12. Canada at the Turn of the 20th Century
Challenges: west not settled. Factory workers worked in slums and poor conditions, French were unhappy, aboriginal peoples and women lived on the margins and intolerance and racism affected many

13. Canada at the Turn of the 20th Century
Land of Opportunity:
Canada had an open door policy. Those who Clifford Sifton felt could endure, settle the west
One of Laurier’s biggest successes was increasing Canada’s population
Laurier’s success is evident in the numbers as Canada’s population jumped from 5,370,000 to 8,000,000 between 1896 – 1914
The foundation for the cultural mosaic that we currently have was laid during Laurier’s rule

14. Canada at the Turn of the 20th Century
Immigration: People moving into a country
Push factors: Conditions driving people from one country
Pull factors: Conditions in another country which are deemed desirable
Can you list some push
And pull factors?

15. Canada at the Turn of the 20th Century
Population increased from 4 million to 8 million from 1901 to 1914
Ethic composition changed: Most were British or American. Came from Ukraine, Germany, Iceland, Holland, Norway

16. Eastern Europeans
African Americans
Sikhs
Chinese
Japanese

18. Immigrants: People who come into a country
Emigrants: people who move within a country or leave for another

19. Canada at the Turn… Railway Boom: Large scale immigration out west
CPR was an important link
Carried settler, products west
Grain traveled east
Increased demand
Increased construction
1867: 3666 km. By 1914: 49,588
Cities and towns grew up along the rail lines and stations

20. Canada at the turn…
BY 1923 we saw the Canadian government take over the Grand Trunk and the Canadian Northern. The Canadian National Railway was formed
Why? WWI

21. Canada at the Turn…Multiculturalism
Groundwork for multiculturalism was developed
English, French, aboriginal, Ukrainian, German settlers arrived
Canada had people from many diverse ethnic origins

22. 2.

23. Canada at the Turn…Growth of Cities
Cities grew by leaps and bounds
Moved to cities to find new jobs in factories and city infrastructure
By 1910 there were the same number of people living in the city as in the rural areas

24. Canada at the Turn…New Provinces
Districts could not afford to provide new schools and other government services
Promised grants
In lieu of control over their resources
Manitoba joined in 1870
BC in 1871
PEI in 1873
Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905
By 1912 provincial boundaries were settled

25. Canada at the Turn…the Economy
Capitalist economy: people invested private money to make money
People moved to the cities
Required manufactured goods (furniture, appliances)
People were less self sufficient
Factories provided hundreds of jobs
Unions developed to protect wages and improve working conditions

26. Canada at the Turn…Economy
Primary Industry: Industries that gather natural or raw materials (fish, trees, minerals)
Economy shifted from primary to secondary industries
Secondary Industry: Industries that produce finished products from primary goods
Increased growth for consumer goods

27. Canada at the Turn…Economy
New factories made nails, wire, furniture, appliances, flour, canned meats, tractors, brooms, stoves, bicycles and automobiles

28. Canada at the Turn…Economy
Tertiary Industries: These are service industries. Transportation, banking, utilities, restaurants

29. Questions Why should we study history?
What were the reasons for optimism in Canada at the turn of the 20th century?
What were the challenges?
What does the term immigration mean?
What are pull factors? What were the pull factors for immigrants to Canada?
What are push factors?

30. Questions Review
1. Who we are, came from, sense of identity, and learn from the past
2. Expansion west, booming industry, important colony
3. West not settled, poor conditinos, French unhappy, women on margins and racisim
4. People moving to a country
5. Conditiona make it attractive to move. Free land
6. Push factors drive people from a country

31. The Last Best West
The media campaign became to attract settlers to the Canadian west.
It was a phrase used to market the Canadian Prairies to prospective immigrants
Sifton believed Canada needed to create a new image for itself & launched a media campaign unlike anything previously seen in order to do so

32. The Last Best West
What forms of media do our current government use to inform people about its policies?
Any suggestions/idea about the media that was used by Laurier & Sifton?

33. Last Best West
On the following slides are images associated with the Last Best West immigration advertising campaign that was launched by Clifford Sifton & the Laurier government
As we view, make note of the various pull factors contained within them that was intended to showcase Canada as an attract place to live for the prospective immigrants

34. Last Best West Back during Laurier’s rule, media was much different
It consisted of flooding the ‘desirable countries’ with phamplets, posters, maps, exhibition wagons, silent films, & advertisements promising free land in the “Last, Best West”

37. These three cards advertise "160 acres of free land in Canada" in Croat, Ukrainian and Czech, respectively. Thousands of these cards in many European languages, were circulated by mail in eastern and central Europe between 1900 and 1905.

40. Last Best West
Settlers were enticed to come here with the promise of free land
British, Americans, German, Swedes, Ukrainians, Dutch, Icelanders, Norwegians, Russians, & others

47. Last Best West To conclude this section
1. Last Best West (Canada A People’s History)

48. Last Best West
We have examined the campaign to promote Canada which enticed immigrants with nothing but positive characteristics
In actuality, life in the Canadian West was much different for the new immigrants than what the posters and the media set it out to be

49. Hardships in the West
While Sifton advertised that settlers could claim up to 160 acres of free land in Canada, this claim wasn't entirely true.
Settlers still had to pay a land registration fee of $10 - or roughly $150 in modern-day currency under the Dominion Lands Act.

50. Hardships in the west
This also didn't cover the cost of equipment and animals for the land, not to mention the cost of building shelter.
Many settlers during their first year would build sod houses (soddies), as they simply couldn't afford to build their own homes out of lumber.

51. Question Why were some groups encouraged to immigrate?
Why were some groups discouraged to immigrate?

52. Clifford Sifton & Govt Policy –The Last Best West
Gvt immigration policy at this time was “Open Door” but very selective
It was open door policy when it came to immigrants from Britain, USA, north – central Europe
It was selective when it came to East Asian, African American, and Jewish immigrants

53. Clifford Sifton & Govt Policy
The federal government approved of the entry of many groups because they were adept at farming
Mennonites from Europe
Doukhobors from Russia
Mormons from the United States
Sifton believed that "a stalwart peasant in a sheepskin coat" made the most desirable immigrant, and set out to attract people suited for farming.

54. Racial Exclusion
Favoured immigrants to Canada's West from certain regions believed to have the settlers best suited to life on the Prairies.
Support the immigration of those who came from the following regions in this exact order of preference:
nearby Canadian provinces
Britain
the United States
northwestern Europe

55. Legislation was passed in 1908 requiring all immigrants to come to Canada directly from their country of origin.
This shut off immigration from India, since there was no direct steamship line.
On May 23, 1914, 376 prospective East Indian immigrants arrived in Vancouver Harbour on board the Komagatu Maru.

57. It stayed there with its human cargo for two months while the legality of an exclusion order was tested.
The order was upheld and the vessel and passengers were sent back to sea cheered on by local residents.

58. A Changing Canada
While the majority of immigrants in the years came to farm the West, many Europeans also settled in other parts of Canada based on employment opportunities
Immigrants found work on the expanding railways and mines, in lumber camps of Northern Ontario & the Maritimes

62. Growth of Cities
Despite the employment opps just mentioned, about 50% of newly arriving immigrants at this time decided on a urban rather than rural life (city over country life…Winnipeg, Edmonton, Montreal, Toronto)
Any suggestions what may have caused this rural to urban shift?

64. Growth of Cities
Many of our cities in the early 20th century contained new factories in need of workers
Many newly arrived immigrants in desperate need of employment found it in these factories, prompting them to settle there
City populations expanded as a result

70. The Komagata Maru https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhr1Ucr7qlc
Remembering the Komagata Maru

71. Consider…
What are your thoughts on Canadian immigration policy at the turn of the 20th century?
Was it successful?
What do you think of the treatment of the people on the Komagatu Maru?
Would you accept Harper’s apology?

72. Unit 1.2 Canada at the Turn of the 20th Century…Industrialization
Many changes as new technologies introduced
Improvements in farming led to a surplus of workers
Workers headed to the cities

73. Cities began industrializing: Development of big industries and factories
Industrialization was significant:
Factories using mass production were a source of jobs for people moving to the cities
Divrsification in the economy. Not so reliant on agriculture

75. Unit 1.2: Canada at the Turn of the 20th Century…Consumer Culture
Accompanied the shift toward industrialization
New inventions changes peoples lives
i.e. cars, bikes, washing machines
Changes affected all areas of Canadian lives –from recreation, entertainment and domestic lives

76. Industrialization…Early 20th century

77. Consumer Culture

78. Unit 1.2 Canada at the Turn of the 20th Century…Mass Media
Newspapers emerged
Significant because it shaped thinking and opinions of large numbers of people
The availability of new ideas and world news would have a huge impact on the 2oth century

79. What technological advances have occurred in your lifetime?
We will come back to this later on!!!

80. Early 20th Century…Changes in Society -Women
For women, the change was the focus to work outside the home
Saw increased education, organizations for increased social justice, and the movement to universal suffrage

81. Women were granted the right to vote in 1917

82. Video –Nellie McClung

83. Early 20th Century…Changes in Society -Children
Children were seen as economic assets in textile miles, businesses and mines
Industrialization and urbanization created more opportunities
Early 20th century we saw the development of compulsory education
Prohibition of child labor in early 20th century.

84. Early 20th Century…Changes in Society -Urbanization
Working and living conditions were poor
New class, called the urban poor emerged
Government did not feel responsibility
Other groups did

85. Urban Poor
As immigrants and people from farms moved, cities became overcrowded
Need for housing was greater than availability
Workers earned low salaries
Families lived in one room
Landlords did not make repairs
Dirty air and water
Contaminated milk, outdoor toilets

86. Urban Poor 1 in 4 babies died before first birthday
Amounts spent by governments was low
Fight was left to private charities and individuals
Examples include Women’s Christian Temperance Union, Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), and Salvation Army
Worked to fight worker exploitation, poverty, disease, crime and lack of education

87. The Growth of Unions Work places were dark and uncomfortable
Poorly ventilated
Hours long and wages low
Machinery designed for efficiency and not safety

88. Growth of Unions
As a consequence of poor working conditions and low pay, many workers joined unions
Unions are groups of employees joined together to bargain with employers
In 1901 there were 1078 unions
In 10 years time, the number of unions doubled

89. Growth of Unions
Unions that organized early 20th century Canada included:
1. Ontario Farmers Association (1902)
2. Territorial Grain Growers’ Association (1905)
3. Manitoba Grain Growers’ Association (1902)

90. 4. Fisherman’s Protective Union (FPU):
Founded by William Coaker
It was the first serious attempt to organize fishermen as a political movement along class lines.
With a rallying cry of "to each his own“
The FPU sought to achieve reforms in Newfoundland society
Wanted to attain an equitable distribution of wealth in the fishing industry

91. Video -Growth of Unions

92. Intolerance and Racism
Non-English speaking immigrants had more difficulties being accepted
Often banded together in communities or neighborhoods in cities
Led to suspicion, intolerance and racism
Many demanded “keep Canada white”

93. Federal government created a head tax
Head tax was a tax on Chinese immigrants to enter Canada ($500)
Still some found a better life
Read pp

94. Early 20th Century…Changes in Society –Native People
Aboriginal Acts (1876 & 1895) began assimilating native peoples
Creation of residential schools. Administered by federal government
Removed from families, exposed to sexual and physical abuse

95. https://www. historicacanada

96. Foreign Investment What is it?
Foreign investment is the ownership of one country by people living in another country
i.e. Canadian citizens investing in the USA

97. Foreign Investment –Early 20th Century
British investment fueled economic expansion second half of 19th century
This continued
A rapid increase of American investment
Possible the development of new technology
Pulp and paper mills in Ontario, Quebec and BC

98. Foreign Investment (c0nt’d)
Americans set-up branch plants in Canada
A plant or factory in one country whose headquarters is on another
In 1904 Henry Ford set-up the first Canadian car factory
By 1912 there were 451 companies with branch plants in Canada

99. What was the result?
Jobs were created
Increased Canada’s wealth
Concerns about how this was affecting Canadians (poor pay, poor working conditions)

100. Canada and American Relations
Relations were tense
Disputes were not resolved
US was showing signs of imperialism
Took over Hawaii, Guam, Philippines and Puerto Rico in 1898.
Strong influence over Cuba

101. American philosophy was to walk softly but carry a big stick
Canada had poor defense. Little equipment and poor training
British troops were withdrawn

102. Canada/US Relations: Alaska Boundary Dispute
Americans purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867
Cost was $7.2 million
Canadian boundary was unclear
Problem when gold was discovered in the Yukon in 1898

103. Thousands of miners poured into the area looking to get rich

104. Canada and US claimed different boundaries
Was the boundary from the coastline or from the inlet?

105. In 1903 a tribunal was established to settle the matter
Americans appointed 3 members. Canada appointed 2. Final member was appointed by Britain

106. Panel ruled in favor of the Americans
Many Canadians were angered
Upset at Britain
Didn’t protect Canadian rights

107. Questions
Read pp.53-56
Answer questions 1-4 on page 56

108. A 1911 Conservative campaign poster warns that the big American companies ("trusts") will hog all the benefits of reciprocity as proposed by Liberals, leaving little left over for Canadian interests.

109. Reciprocity

110. Questions 1. What was the Boer War? 2. How was Canada divided?
3. What was Laurier’s solution?

111. What kind of Canadians? Canada was a young country
Confederation in 1867
Was a colony of Britain

112. Canada was rapidly expanding at the turn of the 20th century:
Industry
Railroad
West
Cities
Did have our troubles (discrimination, women’s rights, urban poor)

113. There were many ideas about what it was to be a Canadian
1. Some felt they were Canadian citizens in the British Empire
2. Some felt union with the US was best
3. Others saw themselves just as Canadians
4. Quebec nationalists wanted separation from Britain (Didn’t want to be drawn into another war)

114. Laurier said, “I do not see myself as an imperialist
Laurier said, “I do not see myself as an imperialist. Neither do I pretend to be an anti-imperialist. I am Canadian, first, last, and all time”
Read pp.57-61