1. Twentieth Century
Review & Reflect

2. 8/25
World War I began on July 28, 1914 and ended on November 11, It is also known as the First World War or the Great War.
November 11 is celebrated in the U.S. as Veterans Day to honor all of those who served.

3. Introduction The era of Victoria ended in 1901.
Profound changes were taking place both internally and externally.

4. Introduction
External changes (colonies seeking independence): Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand.
Internal changes (social reforms): the rise in literacy, the growing power and influence of the Labor Party, and the widespread interest in socialist ideology.

5. Darwin, Marx, Freud
Many social and intellectual changes were taking place because of Charles Darwin, Karl Marx, and Sigmund Freud.

6. Darwin, Marx, Freud
Origin of Species proposed that evolution was based on natural selection.
Darwin’s theory contradicted the bible leading to a feud between science and religion.

7. Darwin, Marx, Freud
Das Kapital suggested the abolition of private property.
Marx’s theory blamed social injustice on capitalism.

8. Darwin, Marx, Freud
The Interpretation of Dreams and later works attributed human motives to the unconscious mind(s) visible through dreams.
Sensibilities were outraged by Freud’s claims but artists and writers found the notion fascinating.

9. Darwin, Marx, Freud
These works helped undermine the political, religious, and psychological ideas that were the foundation of society.

10. The Great War
The breakdown of the European balance of power was a truly great disaster.
In 1914, the Great War consisted of England, France, and Russia against Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

11. The Great War
Rudyard Kipling celebrated the British character as patriotic.
For centuries, young men donned uniforms and marched off to battlefields to perform heroic events.

12. The Great War
Six months after enlistment, men lay slaughtered in the miserable, rain-soaked, vermin-infested trenches of France.

13. The Great War
The generals would not stop the carnage and an entire generation was lost to the war.

14. The Great War After the armistice in 1918, a new cynicism arose.
Out of disillusionment came a pessimism about the state and the individual’s relation to society.
This led to a new realism that reacted against the old values of national honor and glory.

15. Experimentation in the Arts
The decade before the war introduced a transformation of the arts.
All of these works challenged traditional notions of beauty and order.

16. Experimentation in the Arts
After the war, the surviving artists continued to develop.
James Joyce was the most influential poet and novelist of the time.
His novel, Ulysses, is based on Homer’s Odyssey.

17. Experimentation in the Arts
Joyce drew upon myth and symbol.
The book is now regarded as a masterpiece.
T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land (metaphor for WWI) was influenced by Ulysses.

18. The Rise of Dictatorships
The Great War (WWI) ironically led to another war.
The League of Nations was abandoned and a
worldwide economic depression encouraged the rise of dictators in Germany, Italy, and Russia.

19. The Rise of Dictatorships
Both Italy and Germany developed Fascism, a type of government ruled by a single dictator.

20. The Rise of Dictatorships
Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party convinced Germans their problems were caused by Jews, communists, and immigrants.

21. The Rise of Dictatorships
Russia developed communism, a society without a class system controlled by the state.

22. The Rise of Dictatorships
By 1939, the Nazis were sweeping through Europe with their motorized army.
The Holocaust, the plan for systematic destruction, led to the death of millions.
Six million of those killed were Jewish.

23. The Rise of Dictatorships
The war officially ended after an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a Japanese city on August 6,
The literature following WWII has often been dark and pessimistic.

25. Stanza 4
And now the lilacs bud again and all is lovely there, And homesick soldiers far away know spring is in the air; The tulips come to bloom again, the grass once more is green, And every man can see the spot where all his joys have been. He sees his children smile at him, he hears the bugle call, And only death can stop him now—he's fighting for them all. Inference: A conclusion based on facts or circumstances; an understanding gained by “reading between the lines” Theme: A topic of discussion or work; a major idea broad enough to cover the entire scope of a literary work

26. 3rd National Defense Loan
For France which is fighting! For those who are everyday going (up).