Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byKristian Jackson Modified over 6 years ago
1
NEUROBIOLOGICAL Implications of Psychiatric Illnesses
Dr. Ali Al-Juboori Assist. Professor
2
Anatomy and Physiology Review
3
Cerebrum Right and left hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum
4
Lobes of the Cerebrum
5
Frontal Lobe Controls • Movement • Thinking initiation • Reasoning (judgement) • Behavior (emotions) • Memory • Speaking
6
• Knowing right from left • Sensation • Reading • Understanding
Parietal Lobe Controls • Knowing right from left • Sensation • Reading • Understanding
7
Temporal Lobe Controls
• Understanding language • Behavior • Memory • Hearing
8
Occipital Lobe Controls
• Vision • Color blindness Cerebellum Controls • Balance • Coordination • Fine muscle control
9
Brain Stem Controls • Breathing • Blood pressure • Heartbeat • Swallowing • Alertness/sleep • Body temperature • Digestion
10
Consists of many structures
Limbic System “The Emotional Brain:” Consists of many structures Functions include Memory, Pleasure, Emotions, Motivation
12
Functions of The Limbic System
13
More Functions of Limbic System
Olfactory Functions Feeding Functions (consider the relationships between emotions, pleasure, smell, and food intake!)
14
Some Important Structures Connecting to the Limbic System
Hypothalamus-activates & controls many body functions: endocrine, sleep, appetite, body temp. Pineal Gland- role in sleep (secretes melatonin) and consciousness
15
Important Structures Connecting to Limbic System, cont’d
Thalamus-association of sensory inputs with pleasant and unpleasant feelings Hippocampus-memory processing, and making of new memories Amygdala-stores feelings relating to memories,
16
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic: Dominates in stressful situations, prepares body for fight or flight Parasympathic: Dominates when person is relaxed
17
Neurons: A Review Nerve Tissue CNS: neurons, composed of:
Cell body contains nucleus (genetic material) Axon transmits message to next cell Dendrites receive messages from cell
19
Three classes of neurons in CNS
Afferent (sensory) Efferent (motor) Interneurons
20
Synapse: the contact point between two neurons.
Synaptic Cleft: space between neurons Pre-synaptic neuron: area of axon where neurotransmitters are stored. Postsynaptic neuron: area of dendrite where receptor sites are located.
21
Neurotransmission = Chemical Signalling
22
Neurotransmission (Physiology)
Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft (space) from the axon to the dendrite. (--Calcium ions facilitate NT release) NTs bind with receptors on post-synaptic neuron (dendrite) and activate it Then NT substance is either deactivated or returned to the axon (“reuptake”). Nerve cells can release more than one type of neurotransmitter
23
Pre-synaptic and postsynaptic
neuron interchange
24
Neurotransmission Across the Synapse
25
Role of Neurotransmitters in Mental Health
Play an important role in human emotions and behavior Influence motor activity and hormone levels Are the target for the mechanism of action for psychotropic medications
26
Categories of Neurotransmitters
1.Cholinergics Acetylcholine (ACh): involved in sleep, arousal, movement, memory
27
2.MONOAMINES Norepinephrine: affects mood, cognition, perception, locomotion, sleep and arousal Dopamine: effects movement, coordination, emotions, voluntary judgment, and release of prolactin
28
3.Amino Acids Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter (“brain calmer”) Glutamate excitatory
29
4. Neuropeptides: endorphins and enkephlins, modulate pain
4.Neuropeptides: endorphins and enkephlins, modulate pain. Also called “natural or endogenous opiates”
30
Neurobiology and Mental Illness
Neuroanatomical Changes (examples) -Enlargement of ventricles: schizophrenia, alcoholism -Atrophy of hippocampus: trauma or severe stress in early life
31
Decreased Cerebral Blood Flow -In Prefrontal cortex: Schizophrenia
(Some examples:) -In Prefrontal cortex: Schizophrenia -In Frontal lobe: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
32
Neurotransmitter Dysfunction
Lack of availability or lack of secretion (Some examples:) Too much dopamine: Schizophrenia Insufficient serotonin: Depression Insufficient norepinephrine: Depression Insufficient GABA: Anxiety disorders Too much norepinephrine: Anxiety Disorders
33
Dopamine: Excessive transmission in limbic structures may contribute to schizophrenia.
5-HT: Ascending projections control mood; increase appears to help in many forms of anxiety and depression (mood disorders). Norepinephrine: Excessive transmission may contribute to anxiety and aggression. Under-reaction, along with that of 5-HT, may contribute to depression. Acetylcholine: Important in cognition, activating a limbic areas to degenerate in Alzheimer’s Disease.
34
Neuroendocrine Dysfunction
(examples) -Altered Hypothalamic regulatory mechanisms: Anorexia Nervosa -Increased Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA) activity causing elevated cortisol (stress hormone) levels: Caused by early life deprivation, trauma or stress -Thyroid dysfunction: (Hyper-)Anxiety, (Hypo-) Depression
35
Thanks
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.