1. Without insulin therapy (n = 14)
With insulin therapy (n = 24)
Obese (n = 5) n
Non-obese (n = 9) P
Obese (n = 6)
Non-obese (n = 18)
Sex (Female/male)
2/3 5
5/4 9
NS*
3/3 6
12/6 18
Familial history of diabetes (y/n)
3/1 4
1/8
NS*(P = )
8/9 17
Past history of obesity (y/n)
3/0 3
6/0
7/10
P < 0.01*
Past maximal BMI (kg/m2)
29.99±2.47
25.11±3.12
P < 0.05**
30.23±3.48
25.58±3.56
Past maximal body weight (kg)
79.33±9.81
64.53±8.32
78.08±16.88
63.35±10.93
History of SU or Glinide use (y/n)
5/0
14/4
Onset age of type 2 diabetes (y/o)
56.00±19.46
56.78±11.50
NS**
51.83±8.54
41.67±12.52
NS**（P = )
Other autoimmune diseases (y/n)
1/3
3/6
1/4
1/17
Rheumatoid arthritis 1
Graves' disease 2
Hashimoto disease
Pancreatic cyst (y/n)
0/3
0/9
0/6
0/17
At the timing of GADA S.C.
Age (y/o)
67.40±16.41
64.33±13.62
59.33±13.44
61.61±14.46
Body weight (kg)
72.22±6.42
54.58±6.76
P < 0.01**
70.63±11.29
52.06±8.59
BMI (kg/m2)
28.24±2.66
21.22±2.41
27.53±2.02
20.82±2.20
Plasma glucose (mg/dL)
224.25±70.50
363.89±278.54
245.67±166.78
218.18±143.40
HbA1c (%)
10.14±2.32
10.57±2.40
9.60±1.83
9.82±2.04
Serum C-peptide (ng/mL)
1.550±0.695
1.719±1.041 8
1.858±1.778
0.530±0.431
P<0.01**
C-peptide index
1.007±0.688
0.857±0.719
0.871±1.098
0.346±0.325 16
NS**（P = ）
24h urine C-peptide (mg/day)
57.20±30.34
37.32±30.97
42.02±16.90
21.40±22.33 11
NS**（P = ）
GADA titers (U/mL; mean ± SE)
　　　　(normal range, <1.5 U/mL) ± ±
NS#
46.60±31.60
731.79±496.03
GADA titers (≥10 /＜10 U/mL)
2/4
13/5
Body weight loss (y/n)
4/5
1/5
Symptoms related with hyperglycemia (y/n)
8/10
Ketosis (y/n)
2/7
2/16
Diabetes duration up to GADA S.C. (years)
11.40±5.32
7.56±5.75
7.50±5.57
19.94±11.12
Period from neg. to pos. GADA (years)
1.70±1.63
2.37±2.19
2.68±2.70
5.03±2.19
Insulin dose (U/day) ―
38.17±29.12
31.86±12.29 14
Insulin dose (U/㎏/day)
0.56±0.43
0.60±0.21
Period of insulin use up to GADA S.C. (years)
3.88±2.87
6.36±5.36
Diabetes duration up to start of insulin (years)
3.67±4.03
13.59±10.31
At 3-6 months before GADA S.C.
234.33±94.87
149.50±50.11
198.60±105.72
227.07±102.19 15
9.77±1.76
8.30±2.03
8.73±1.75
9.48±1.74
2.100±0.990
1.825±0.750
1.725±0.247
0.656±0.725 7
NS**（P = )
1.458
1.350±0.839
0.835±0.587
0.360±0.324
Data are shown as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated.
*Chi-square or Fisher's exact test; **Unpaired t-test; #Mann–Whitney U-test
BMI, body mass index; GADA, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody; neg., negative; NS, not significant; pos., positive; s.c., seroconversion; SU, sulfonylurea; y/n, yes/no; y/o, years old.
Supplementary Table 1.
Background and clinical characteristics in patients with and without insulin therapy according to presence or absence of obesity.

2. Without insulin therapy (n = 14)
With insulin therapy (n = 24)
GADA ≥10 (n = 6) n
GADA ＜10 (n = 8) P
GADA ≥10 (n = 15)
GADA ＜10 (n = 9)
Sex (Female/male)
3/3 6
4/4 8
NS*
9/6 15
6/3 9
Famirial history of diabetes (y/n)
1/4 5
3/6
9/5 14
1/7
P < 0.05*
Past history of obesity (y/n)
2/3
6/1 7
7/7
Past maximal BMI (kg/m2)
23.92±3.48
28.06±2.74
P < 0.05**
26.97±4.74
26.52±2.89
NS**
Past maximal body weight (kg)
60.76±6.30
73.57±10.01
68.56±15.67
65.06±11.39
History of SU or Glinide use (y/n)
4/2
6/2
13/2
4/5
Onset age of type 2 diabetes (y/o)
58.67±13.40
54.88±15.25
41.33±12.12
49.00±11.77
Other autoimmune diseases (y/n)
3/2 13
0/15
2/6
Rheumatoid arthritis 1
Graves' disease 2
Hashimoto disease
Pancreatic cyst (y/n)
0/5
0/7
0/14
0/9
At the timing of GADA S.C.
Age (y/o)
63.67±14.35
66.75±14.78
59.20±16.32
64.11±8.78
Body weight (kg)
54.10±9.66
65.96±9.12
55.99±12.63
57.89±12.19
BMI (kg/m2)
20.99±3.12
25.78±3.88
21.82±3.37
23.61±4.00
Obesity (y/n)
1/5
2/13
Plasma glucose (mg/dL)
421.33±307.22
234.86±132.47
206.64±128.94
254.44±174.22
HbA1c (%)
11.13±2.68
9.88±1.95
9.44±1.27
10.30±2.76
Serum C-peptide (ng/mL)
1.238±0.789 4
1.875±0,938
0.604±0.425
1.230±1.607
C-peptide index
0.495±0.419
1.128±0.715
0.403±0.335
0.581±0.922
24h urine C-peptide (mg/day)
27.83±27.09
56.90±29.24
24.08±21.74 11
36.12±24.32
GADA titers (U/mL; mean ± SE)
　　　　(normal range, <1.5 U/mL) ±
2.51±0.34
P < 0.01#
894.60±589.46
3.66±0.66
Body weight loss (y/n)
5/9
Symptoms related with hyperglycemia (y/n)
6/9
Ketosis (y/n)
1/14
1/8
Diabetes duration up to GADA S.C. (years)
5.00±2.76
11.88±5.67
17.87±11.59
15.11±11.43
Period from neg. to pos. GADA (years)
2.43±1.74
1.91±2.22
4.13±2.16
4.96±3.02
Insulin dose (U/day) ―
36.36±15.04
30.56±22.20
Insulin dose (U/㎏/day)
0.61±0.22
0.55±0.34
Period of insulin use up to GADA S.C. (years)
5.11±4.95
6.80±4.99
Diabetes duration up to start of insulin (years)
12.78±10.89
8.33±8.37
At 3-6 months before GADA S.C.
209.00±1.41
168.86±84.11
234.91±94.27
201.67±111.58
9.18±2.42
8.43±1.86
9.14±1.37
9.65±2.26
1.850±0.636
1.950±0.885
0.890±0.833
0.900±0.872 3
0.886±0.310
1.695±0.788
0.396±0.344
0.605±0.568
Data are shown as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated.
*Chi-square or Fisher's exact test; **Unpaired t-test; #Mann–Whitney U-test
BMI, body mass index; GADA, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody; neg., negative; NS, not significant; pos., positive; s.c., seroconversion; SU, sulfonylurea; y/n, yes/no; y/o, years old.
Supplementary Table 2.
Background and clinical characteristics in patients with and without insulin therapy according to GADA titers ≥10 U/mL and <10 U/mL.