1. Forest dependency in the Brazilian and Bolivian Amazon
Acre, Brazil
Pando, Bolivia
Map: A. Alencar
Amy Duchelle
University of Florida, Universidade Federal do Acre
PEN Partners’ meeting, March 25, 2009

2. I. PEN Study – Acre, Brazil and Pando, Bolivia
4 villages, 58 households (5.4 people/HH)
Pando, Bolivia
8 villages,131 households (6 people/HH) ▲
124
101 72 80 78
150
400
215 90
140
135 91 ▲
Where is the PEN study located: country/ies, region, climate and forest zone(s)?
How large approximately is the study area (km2)?
What # of villages sampled? How many people live in the surveyed villages?
Your sample had how many households? Average # of people per household?
Are there key sub-dimensions dividing the sample in terms of livelihood strategies: ethnicity, closeness to markets, migrants vs. non-migrants, history of settlement, etc.?
Towns ▲ ▲

3. II. Household incomes Brazil Bolivia BRAZIL Avg. income Cash
Subsistence
US$1319
$815
$504
Bolivia
How large are household incomes – separating the subsistence and cash components (average, SD?)
What sources contribute to household income? Main categories:
forest (B, C, J5, J7, J8)[1],
other environmental (D1, E)
agriculture - crops (H),
agriculture - livestock (I)
wage (F)
business (G)
others (D2, J1-4, J6, J9) [2]
—bar chart of income shares (%) with SD intervals.
[1] In the brackets, we refer to the respective section of the quarterly questionnaire.
[2] Particular other income sources may be singled out if important in the specific case, e.g. remittances.
BOLIVIA
Avg. income
Cash
Subsistence
US$1095
$805
$289

4. III. Income sources and seasonality
Brazil
III. Income sources
and seasonality
Bolivia
Four bar charts (one for each Q1-4), each with mean and SD intervals, for:
total income
forest income
other environmental income
agriculture
other
Is there other evidence of environmental income serving as “seasonal gap filler” when agricultural incomes are low (qualitative)?

5. IV. Key Forest Products Cash: 98% Cash: 92% Cash: 100%
List products or product categories that provide at least 10% of forest and other environmental income, show their % contribution, and the distribution between cash and subsistence income.
2. Comment on which are “forest” vs. “other environmental income” sources….
3. Explain how the main subsistence forest/environmental goods were priced
Cash: 100%

6. IV. Key Products cont. Cash: 2.9% Cash: 57.5%
List products or product categories that provide at least 10% of forest and other environmental income, show their % contribution, and the distribution between cash and subsistence income.
2. Comment on which are “forest” vs. “other environmental income” sources….
3. Explain how the main subsistence forest/environmental goods were priced
Cash: 2.9%
Cash: 57.5%

7. Income composition and poverty
Divide the households into quintiles ranked according to total household income, and list average total income and forest income share for each. What patterns emerge, and how are they explained?
Quintile
Total income (USD) 1
375 2
578 3
818 4
1134 5
2568
Quintile
Total income (USD) 1
455 2
824 3
1130 4
1377 5
2939

8. Forests and coping with crisis - Brazil Forests used for coping?
Freq. % NO 27
87.10
YES 4
12.90
TOTAL 31
100
How cope?
Freq. %
Sell assets (land, livestock, etc.) 8
21.05
Extra casual labour 7
18.42
Nothing in particular 6
15.79
Harvest more forest products 4
10.53
Loan from money lender / credit assoc.
Other (5 cat. combined) 9
23.67
TOTAL 38
100
What percent of households report using forests particularly to weather misfortune? What are their most common alternatives to mitigate shocks?
Is there any evidence that forest income is used, directly or indirectly, as a stepping stone out of poverty?
Does closeness to roads and markets associate with, for example, higher product extraction volumes, higher forest clearing, or patterns of specialization in your study?

9. Forests and coping with crisis - Bolivia Forests used for coping?
Freq % NO 48
76.19
YES 15
23.81
TOTAL 63
100
How cope?
Freq. %
Extra casual labour 28
31.46
Loan from money lender / credit assoc. 20
22.47
Harvest more forest products 15
16.85
Nothing in particular 13
14.61
Other (4 cat. combined)
TOTAL 38
100
What percent of households report using forests particularly to weather misfortune? What are their most common alternatives to mitigate shocks?
Is there any evidence that forest income is used, directly or indirectly, as a stepping stone out of poverty?
Does closeness to roads and markets associate with, for example, higher product extraction volumes, higher forest clearing, or patterns of specialization in your study?

10. Forests and proximity to roads / markets
BRAZIL
Pearson correlations
Direct Forest Income
1.000
Distance to road
-0.018
Distance to market
0.073
Forest Derived Income
0.303
-0.192
BOLIVIA
Pearson correlations
Direct Forest Income
1.000
Distance to road
0.161
Distance to market
-0.098
Forest Derived Income
-0.030
0.052
What percent of households report using forests particularly to weather misfortune? What are their most common alternatives to mitigate shocks?
Is there any evidence that forest income is used, directly or indirectly, as a stepping stone out of poverty?
Does closeness to roads and markets associate with, for example, higher product extraction volumes, higher forest clearing, or patterns of specialization in your study?

11. Interesting findings
1) High relative forest dependency in Pando and Acre
% forest cover; extractivist culture
2) Dominance of Brazil nuts in Bolivia
- Yields high profit with low inputs;
- Well-developed middleman system for nuts
- Presence of Brazil nut producers’ cooperatives
3) Similar forest-dependency across wealth groups
- Everyone’s in the forest. High value of Brazil nuts
nearly everyone collects

12. 4) Greater income diversification in Brazil
* Higher income from livestock in Brazil
- Regional/local demand for cattle (since 1970’s); access
- Cowboy culture
* “Other” category = government aid
* Government subsidies for natural rubber