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Forest dependency in the Brazilian and Bolivian Amazon

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1 Forest dependency in the Brazilian and Bolivian Amazon
Acre, Brazil Pando, Bolivia Map: A. Alencar Amy Duchelle University of Florida, Universidade Federal do Acre PEN Partners’ meeting, March 25, 2009

2 I. PEN Study – Acre, Brazil and Pando, Bolivia
4 villages, 58 households (5.4 people/HH) Pando, Bolivia 8 villages,131 households (6 people/HH) 124 101 72 80 78 150 400 215 90 140 135 91 Where is the PEN study located: country/ies, region, climate and forest zone(s)? How large approximately is the study area (km2)? What # of villages sampled? How many people live in the surveyed villages? Your sample had how many households? Average # of people per household? Are there key sub-dimensions dividing the sample in terms of livelihood strategies: ethnicity, closeness to markets, migrants vs. non-migrants, history of settlement, etc.? Towns

3 II. Household incomes Brazil Bolivia BRAZIL Avg. income Cash
Subsistence US$1319 $815 $504 Bolivia How large are household incomes – separating the subsistence and cash components (average, SD?) What sources contribute to household income? Main categories: forest (B, C, J5, J7, J8)[1], other environmental (D1, E) agriculture - crops (H), agriculture - livestock (I) wage (F) business (G) others (D2, J1-4, J6, J9) [2] —bar chart of income shares (%) with SD intervals. [1] In the brackets, we refer to the respective section of the quarterly questionnaire. [2] Particular other income sources may be singled out if important in the specific case, e.g. remittances. BOLIVIA Avg. income Cash Subsistence US$1095 $805 $289

4 III. Income sources and seasonality
Brazil III. Income sources and seasonality Bolivia Four bar charts (one for each Q1-4), each with mean and SD intervals, for: total income forest income other environmental income agriculture other Is there other evidence of environmental income serving as “seasonal gap filler” when agricultural incomes are low (qualitative)?

5 IV. Key Forest Products Cash: 98% Cash: 92% Cash: 100%
List products or product categories that provide at least 10% of forest and other environmental income, show their % contribution, and the distribution between cash and subsistence income. 2. Comment on which are “forest” vs. “other environmental income” sources…. 3. Explain how the main subsistence forest/environmental goods were priced Cash: 100%

6 IV. Key Products cont. Cash: 2.9% Cash: 57.5%
List products or product categories that provide at least 10% of forest and other environmental income, show their % contribution, and the distribution between cash and subsistence income. 2. Comment on which are “forest” vs. “other environmental income” sources…. 3. Explain how the main subsistence forest/environmental goods were priced Cash: 2.9% Cash: 57.5%

7 Income composition and poverty
Divide the households into quintiles ranked according to total household income, and list average total income and forest income share for each. What patterns emerge, and how are they explained? Quintile Total income (USD) 1 375 2 578 3 818 4 1134 5 2568 Quintile Total income (USD) 1 455 2 824 3 1130 4 1377 5 2939

8 Forests and coping with crisis - Brazil Forests used for coping?
Freq. % NO 27 87.10 YES 4 12.90 TOTAL 31 100 How cope? Freq. % Sell assets (land, livestock, etc.) 8 21.05 Extra casual labour 7 18.42 Nothing in particular 6 15.79 Harvest more forest products 4 10.53 Loan from money lender / credit assoc. Other (5 cat. combined) 9 23.67 TOTAL 38 100 What percent of households report using forests particularly to weather misfortune? What are their most common alternatives to mitigate shocks? Is there any evidence that forest income is used, directly or indirectly, as a stepping stone out of poverty? Does closeness to roads and markets associate with, for example, higher product extraction volumes, higher forest clearing, or patterns of specialization in your study?

9 Forests and coping with crisis - Bolivia Forests used for coping?
Freq % NO 48 76.19 YES 15 23.81 TOTAL 63 100 How cope? Freq. % Extra casual labour 28 31.46 Loan from money lender / credit assoc. 20 22.47 Harvest more forest products 15 16.85 Nothing in particular 13 14.61 Other (4 cat. combined) TOTAL 38 100 What percent of households report using forests particularly to weather misfortune? What are their most common alternatives to mitigate shocks? Is there any evidence that forest income is used, directly or indirectly, as a stepping stone out of poverty? Does closeness to roads and markets associate with, for example, higher product extraction volumes, higher forest clearing, or patterns of specialization in your study?

10 Forests and proximity to roads / markets
BRAZIL Pearson correlations Direct Forest Income 1.000 Distance to road -0.018 Distance to market 0.073 Forest Derived Income 0.303 -0.192 BOLIVIA Pearson correlations Direct Forest Income 1.000 Distance to road 0.161 Distance to market -0.098 Forest Derived Income -0.030 0.052 What percent of households report using forests particularly to weather misfortune? What are their most common alternatives to mitigate shocks? Is there any evidence that forest income is used, directly or indirectly, as a stepping stone out of poverty? Does closeness to roads and markets associate with, for example, higher product extraction volumes, higher forest clearing, or patterns of specialization in your study?

11 Interesting findings 1) High relative forest dependency in Pando and Acre % forest cover; extractivist culture 2) Dominance of Brazil nuts in Bolivia - Yields high profit with low inputs; - Well-developed middleman system for nuts - Presence of Brazil nut producers’ cooperatives 3) Similar forest-dependency across wealth groups - Everyone’s in the forest. High value of Brazil nuts nearly everyone collects

12 4) Greater income diversification in Brazil
* Higher income from livestock in Brazil - Regional/local demand for cattle (since 1970’s); access - Cowboy culture * “Other” category = government aid * Government subsidies for natural rubber


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