1. Industrialization Spreads
Chapter 25 Sec 3
Industrialization Spreads

2. Industrialization in Britain was sparked because of its:
Setting the Stage
Industrialization in Britain was sparked because of its:
Favorable geography
Financial systems
Political stability
Natural resources
Eventually, industrialization would spread to countries with similar conditions.

3. Industrial development in the United states
As in Britain, Industrialization began in the textile industry.
British mill worker Samuel Slater, ignoring British laws protecting their industries, emigrates to the US and builds a spinning machine from memory.
In 1813, Francis Cabot Lowell mechanized every stage of the cloth manufacturing process. While the original manufacturing operation was in Waltham, Massachusetts, his success allowed him to open much larger manufacturing center in Lowell, Massachusetts.
Industrial development in the United states
America had fast flowing rivers, rich deposits of coal, iron ore, and a good supply of laborers.

4. Lowell, Massachusetts
Thousands of young women between 15-25, came from their rural homes to work in the Lowell factory as mill girls.
Strictly chaperoned
They could earn wages and have some independence.
Besides being a servant, it was for many the only job opportunity.

5. Expansion of Industry
Textiles led the way, but industrialization spread to other industries as well.
The North East experienced much industrial growth in the 1800’s, but the US remained primarily agricultural until the end of the Civil War in 1865.
Then the US experienced a technological boom.

6. The electric lightbulb
Technological Boom
Besides having a wealth of natural resources, among them oil, coal and iron, the US benefitted from a swelling urban population and a burst of inventions, including:
The electric lightbulb
The telephone
The railroad

7. The Railroads
Cities like Chicago and Minneapolis expanded rapidly during this because of locations along rail lines.
Markets grew with the ability to transport goods to the rest of the country.
Railroads themselves became big business-by the 1800’s more than two-thirds of the nations railroads were owned by only a few companies.

8. Corporations
Large business like railroads were expensive-individuals were not usually wealthy enough to make that kind of purchase on their own.
Entrepreneurs sold shares of stock, which gave the purchaser a right to partial ownership of a corporation.
a corporation, because it was collaborative, could raise large amounts of capital
Investors would share the profit, but were not liable for any debt.

9. Big Business Andrew Carnegie: Carnegie Steel John D. Rockefeller:
Standard Oil

10. Continental Europe Industrializes
The Napoleonic wars slowed the spread, but eventually industrialization reached continental Europe…

11. William Cockerill was the “Samuel Slater” of Belgium, smuggling in plans for spinning equipment.
His son John eventually built an industrial empire that included steam engines and locomotives.
Beginnings in Belgium
Had the rich iron ore and coal deposits as well as abundant waterways for transportation

12. Germany Industrializes
Germany brought in British equipment and engineers
Sent their children to be educated in England
Connected growing manufacturing centers by railroad.
Germany was politically divided in the early 1800’s and had pockets of resource laden land all of which effected how industrialization spread….

13. Further Expansion in Europe
Many areas had specialized industries
Bohemia had a large spinning industry
Spain had cotton
Italy was known for spinning silk
Like Germany, Many areas of Europe had pockets where resources could support industrialization,

14. Impact of Industrialization
Rise of Global Inequality
Shifted balance of world power.
Widened the wealth gap between industrialized and non-industrialized nations
Exploitation for resources and markets (imperialism)
Transformation of Society
Rise of middle class
Social reform