1. H Geography
Exam-style questions

2. Population
Lesson starter;

3. Population questions
Learning intentions ..
- To answer exam style questions related to the population topic
Success criteria ..
I can answer population exam style questions
I can work with a partner to create answers
I can gain more confidence in my exam technique

4. With reference to an international migration you have studied explain the impact on both the donor and receiving country.
4 marks

5. Answers could include the following:
Benefits (Poland)
Problems (Poland)
Reduced pressure on employment and resources e.g. food, water.
Poland is losing high numbers of their skilled ambitious and educated active population.
Polish migrants develop mew skills which will benefit the Polish economy if they return.
Gaps in their workforce are having to be filled by the elderly, reducing outputs and affecting the economy.
Polish migrants earn ‘hard currency’ – which can be sent back to Poland and boost the economy.
Mostly young Polish men have migrated which reduces the numbers available to defend Poland.
Mostly young Polish men have migrated, which has reduced the birth rate.
As mostly males have migrated, families have been divided, causing domestic stress and tension.

6. Answers could include the following:
Benefits (Britain)
Problems (Britain)
Polish migrants are prepared to do menial, unskilled, low paid jobs in factories, catering, cleaning, labouring, which many UK citizens do not want to do.
Polish workers may be exploited by some employers.
Polish workers prepared to work long, unsociable hours.
Increase in population in some areas result in higher rents/prices as demand for housing rises.
Polish National Insurance contributions have helped the UK cope with our aging population.
Increased pressure on education services caused by the need to provide schooling for the children of immigrants.
Polish people have enriched UK culture – customs, festivals, food etc.
Increased demand on the NHS.
In areas which have not seen much immigration in the past there may be tensions.

7. Study Figure 1.
Discuss the possible consequences of the 2050 population structure for the future economy of Malawi and the welfare of its citizens.
6 marks
2010
2050

8. Consequences include:
Increased pressure on working population to provide for more than half of the population
Need to spend a lot of money on hospitals, doctors and nurses to provide the medical care needed by children
Expense of providing schools and teachers
Pressure on farmers to grow enough food
Land farmed intensively making soil poorer
More and more trees are being cut down to create farmland – desertification
People become poor and hungry due to stretched resources, and many move to cities in search of work
Not enough housing for everyone so people build their own makeshift shacks with lack of basic amenities, e.g. toilets and water supply
Insufficient jobs for everyone so unemployment is high and crime rates rise. Rise in informal sector employment
Traffic congestion worsens as city populations increase
Schools and hospitals are overcrowded and not everyone has access to them

9. Rural
Lesson starter;

10. Referring to named locations in either a semi-arid area or a rainforest area in a developing country discuss the consequences of rural land degradation on the people and their environment.
5 marks

11. Consequences to people and the environment:
Under-nourished and deaths from starvation due to crop failure
Increase in illness and diseases such as kwashiorkor – people are unable to work so have no money for food
People become weaker and poverty increases
People move to the cities in search of jobs – end up living in shanty towns
The traditional life of nomads is under threat – food and water for animals is scarce
Over-cultivation – as people are forced to settle in villages or at oases
Forced migration - people leaving homes and seeking food an shelter in neighbouring countries (can lead to conflict with resident populations
International aid is often necessary to ensure survival – this can lead to over-dependence on aid.

12. Referring to named locations in either a semi-arid or a rainforest area in a developing country:
Explain soil conservation strategies that have reduced land degradation.
5 marks
Comment on the effectiveness of these strategies

13. Soil conservation strategies:
Movable fencing – allows farmers to restrict grazing animals to specific areas.
Contour ploughing – used to prevent soil being washed downhill
Terrace – levelled section of a hill designed to slow or prevent the raped surface run-off of irrigation water
Magic stones – lines of stones laid along the contours of gently sloping farmland to catch rain water and reduce soil erosion
Shelter belts – trees planted to stop the wind drying out the ground and blowing the soil away
Strip cultivation – small crops grown between tall crops to provide shelter
Irrigation – used to artificially water crops
Zai – planting pits where water is trapped in the hole
Stone bunds – form a barrier which slows down run-off

14. Effectiveness of these strategies:
Movable fencing –effective if fencing is available and affordable, however herders need to meet an agreement which is not always possible.
Contour ploughing – can reduce soil erosion by as much as 50%, other measures need to be added to this to make it effective – if lines are not correctly established, there can be more risk to erosion
Terrace – successful in keeping the soil moist as they slow the flow of water
Magic stones – little cost involved, farmers can help each other
Shelter belts – successful as trees planted to stop the wind drying out the ground and blowing the soil away
Strip cultivation – successful as they provide shelter
Irrigation – successful if water is available to be stored
Zai – planting pits where water is trapped in the hole
Stone bunds – retain water and silt, building up new soil

15. Urban
Lesson starter;

16. The average growth rate of vehicular traffic in Mumbai was 7% over the past seven years, with new vehicles on the road every day.
For Mumbai, or any named city you have studied in the developing world, evaluate the strategies employed to manage traffic congestion.
5 marks

17. With reference to a developed world city you have studied, explain the impact of recent housing changes that have taken place in the inner city marks

18. With reference to a developed world city you have studied, explain in detail, why there is a need for housing management marks

19. With reference to a developed world city you have studied, discuss the reasons why there is a need for transport management marks