1. DO all dogs come from wolves?

2. Selective Breeding
An organism (plant/animal) with desired traits are crossed (bred) so that the next generation will exhibit those traits
Takes time, energy, and several generations before the trait is common in a population
Purpose: increase the frequency of a desired allele

3. EX: Selective Breeding
Over years
of selective
breeding
What corn first looked like

4. Selective breeding of plant can increase productivity of food for humans
EX: cross a disease resistant plant with a plant that produces lots of fruits
What are you going to get?

5. Inbreeding Mating between closely related individuals
Ensures offspring will be homozygous for desired traits
Negative- brings out harmful recessive alleles

6. IS THIS POSSIBLE?

7. Genetic Engineering
Faster and more reliable method than selective breeding
It is also referred to as Recombinant DNA

8. STOP

9. Applications of Genetic Engineering
Use recombinant bacteria to clean up Oil spills
Use it in medicine to treat disease, such as Dwarfism and Diabetes
Agriculture- made plants to be frost-resistant

10. Bt Corn Evolution Bt corn and bug genes
Do you eat GMO’s?
Would you eat GMO’s?

11. STOP

12. You’re going to write the following without guided notes

13. Genetic Engineering
How: Cut DNA (also know as cleaving) from one organism into small fragments
Then, they insert those fragments into a host organism of the same or different specie

14. Transgenic Organisms
Organisms that contain foreign DNA from Genetic Engineering
EX: tobacco plant that glows

15. Plants and animals that can glow!
Transgenic Organisms
Plants and animals that can glow!

16. Transgenic Organisms are also called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s)

17. Steps to Recombinant DNA
1) Isolate the foreign DNA fragment
2) Attach DNA fragment to a “vehicle” called a Vector
3) Transfer the vector into a host

18. 1. Isolate DNA
Cut (cleave) small pieces of DNA using a Restriction Enzyme
Restriction enzymes are bacterial proteins that cut DNA in a SPECIFIC nucleotide sequence, called a Recognition Site
There are 100’s of Restriction Enzyme

19. Example of Step 1
EX: The section of Firefly DNA that codes for the light producing enzyme is cleaved (cut) using a Restriction Enzyme called EcoRI

20. Restriction enzyme
Cut the Firefly
DNA
Sequence at
AATT

21. Sticky Ends
Where Restriction Enzymes cut the DNA is called Sticky Ends
Sticky Ends WANT to join with DNA again, because part of it has become single stranded

22. Sticky ends

23. 2. Vectors
The DNA fragments that have been cut, need to be inserted into a Vector (vehicle)
Vector- a way that DNA from another species can be carried into the host cell
Vectors can be biological or mechanical

24. Vector Examples Biological Vectors: Viruses and Plasmids
Plasmids are small rings of DNA found in a bacterial cell
Mechanical Vectors: Micropipette or tiny metal bullet

25. Micropipete

26. 2. Example of Vectors
The firefly’s light producing DNA is inserted into a Plasmid

27. Step 3: Transfer into a host
The recombined DNA is transferred into a bacterial cell (Bacteria = HOST)
The bacterial cell replicates up to 500 times per cell making copies of the recombinant DNA

28. Each copy that the bacterial cell makes of the recombinant DNA is called a Gene Clone
Rejoining the DNA Fragments (Firefly’s glow code + the Plasmid’s DNA) is called Gene Splicing

29. 3 Steps to recombinant DNA
1. Isolate DNA
2. Cut DNA and combine with a plasmid
3. Transfer into a host
animal pharm

30. STOP

32. DNA fingerprinting- patterns of bands seen on the gel electrophoresis.
Unique to each individual
Used to:
Solve crimes
Unsolved mysteries
Determine Family Relationships

33. Gel Electrophoresis It is used to separate DNA Fragments
The gel used has small pores

34. 1. Restriction Enzymes cut DNA into small fragments
2. DNA fragments are then poured into wells on the gel

35. 3. An electric current is hooked up to the gel, and moves the DNA across the gel
4. DNA is slightly negative and will move towards the positive pole
5. The smallest pieces will move the fastest

36. 6. A dye is added, and the result will be bands of DNA

37. Medicine Cures found in DNA codes Genetic techniques developed:
Gene therapy
Improve and develop vaccines
Diagnose disorders

38. Gene Therapy Fastest growing areas in genetic engineering
Gene therapy- the changing of genes that cause a genetic disorder or controlling the symptoms of a disorder.
Example: cystic fibrosis

39. STOP

40. cloning your pet

41. Dolly: First Mammal Cloned
Dolly was born Feb. 1997
First mammal cloned from an adult cell

42. What is a clone?
A clone is GENETICALLY IDENTICAL to it’s parent cell

43. 3 steps to clone: a sheep for each step
1. REMOVE SOMATIC (BODY) CELL NUCLEUS FROM AN ADULT SHEEP
2. REMOVE AN EGG CELL FROM AN ADULT SHEEP AND REMOVE THE NUCLEUS
3. COMBINE THE BODY CELL AND THE EGG CELL, AND IMPLANT IT IN A SURROGATE

44. STEP # 1: REMOVE SOMATIC CELL
A body cell (AKA SOMATIC cell) from the mammary gland of a female sheep is taken
Take out the somatic cell nucleus
The body cell will determine what the organism will look like because we will keep its nucleus

45. STEP # 2: SHEEP # 2
An Egg cell from a different Female sheep & remove its nucleus
Body cell + Egg cell = an embryo in a test tube

46. step # 3: sheep # 3 Embryo is implanted in a surrogate mother sheep
will the baby sheep that is born look like its surrogate?

47. what will the baby sheep look like if the somatic cell is from a white faced sheep?...

48. Cloning

49. The Human Genome Project (HGP)
Has mapped and sequenced the entire human genome
It was started in 1990
First draft was done in 2000

50. Genes are placed on a Linkage Map
Linkage Map - a genetic map that shows the location of genes on chromosomes
Why? It’s faster than using a pedigree chart
Scientists are able to look for “genetic markers” to track inheritance patterns

52. How?
Scientists make a map using a method called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
PCR clones millions of copies of DNA fragments quickly

53. Applications of HGP 1) Diagnose Genetic Disorders (before birth)
2) Gene Therapy

54. Gene Therapy
Gene Therapy: inserting a “normal gene” into human cells to correct genetic disorder
HOW? Take a “normal gene” + a Vector and insert it into a person’s body cells
The vector will replicate in the person’s body

55. How does this affect you?
What if employment was based on what your genetic tests revealed?
What if insurance companies had YOUR genetic information and denied you coverage?
What is genetic discrimination?