1. LINKING WORDS
Linking words connect different ideas.
1. BECAUSE, AS and SINCE, to introduce the reason/cause of an action
ACTION
She said nothing
LINKING WORDS
BECAUSE AS
SINCE
REASON
HE DIDN’T RECOGNISED HIM
BECAUSE OF: We use BECAUSE OF when the reason is a NOUN, not a sentence.
Claudia knew Damian BECAUSE OF her job.
She didn’t recognise him BECAUSE OF the beard.

2. LINKING WORDS EXPRESSING CONTRAST
1. (AL)THOUGH and EVEN THOUGH
MAIN CLAUSE
LINKING WORD
CONTRAST CLAUSE
They won the match
ALTHOUGH/ EVEN THOUGH
They played awfully
THOUGH is usually used at the end of the sentence.
They played the match. the weather was rainy THOUGH.

3. LINKING WORDS EXPRESSING CONTRAST
1. DESPITE/ IN SPITE OF are used to introduce CONTRAST.
(main clause)
MAIN ACTION
THEY LOST THE MATCH
LINKING WORDS
DESPITE+ -ING
IN SPITE OF+-ING
(subordinate clause)
CONTRAST
PLAYING VERY WELL
1. IN SPITE OF/DESPITE
DESPITE/ IN SPITE OF are followed by –ing OR A NOUN.
The match was not put off DESPITE /IN SPITE OF the rain.
IN SPITE OF/DESPITE being raining, the match was not put off.

4. LINKING WORDS EXPRESSING CONTRATS
1. DESPITE THE FACT THAT/ IN SPITE THE FACT THAT.
MAIN ACTION
THEY LOST THE MATCH
LINKING WORDS
DESPITE THE FACT THAT
IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT
CONTRAST
THE TEAM PLAYED VERY WELL
DESPITE THE FACT THAT/ IN SPITE THE FACT THAT are followed by a CLAUSE, and a SUBJECT must be introduced: .
We went to the beach IN SPITE THE FACT the weather was cloudy.
DESPITE THE FACT THAT Tom didn’t study, he passed the exam.

5. LINKING WORDS 2. SO and THEREFORE SO
We say SO and THEREFORE when we give the result of something
Their neighbours weremaking a lot of noise………………..they called the police.
SO is usually in the middle of the sentence.
THEREFORE is in the beginning of a new sentence. It is usually used in writing. SO
ACTION
TOM WAS MAKING A LOT OF NOISE
LINKING WORDS SO
THEREFORE
RESULT
THE RECEPCIONIST CALLED THE POLICE

6. LINKING WORDS TO IN ORDER TO 3. TO and IN ORDER TO (PURPOSE SENTENCES)
(IN ORDER) TO: when both subjects are the same
I’m studying hard in order to pass my examinations (POSITIVE)
I’m studying hard in order not to fail my examinations (NEGATIVE) 2
ACTION
I’M STUDYING HARD
LINKING WORDS TO
IN ORDER TO
PURPOSE
PASS MY EXAMINATIONS

7. LINKING WORDS SO THAT IN ORDER THAT
2. SO (THAT)/ IN ORDER THAT: when both subjects are different or we want to introduce the same subject again:
- She called Tom so that / in order that they could make arrangements for the cinema.
- She is studying English (in order) to get a diploma for a better job =
- She is studying English SO THAT she can get a diploma for a better job.
3. SO AS NOT + INFINITIVE (NEGATIVE)
Children should go to bed early SO AS NOT to be sleepy for school.
ACTION
SHE CALLED TOM
LINKING WORDS
SO THAT
IN ORDER THAT
PURPOSE
THEY COULD MAKE ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CINEMA

8. WRITING, PART 1: LINKING WORDS PRACTICE
Peter missed his station because he fell asleep on the train
Peter fell asleep on the train………………………………missed his station
2. Thieves steal from parked cars. Therefore it is important to lock your vehicle.
It is important to lock your vehicle………………………………………..…steal from parked cars.
3. I’m working at home because I want to save money on train fares.
I’m working at home………………………………………save money on train fares.
4. Philip opened the parcel since he believed it was for him.
Philip believed the parcel was for him…………………………………………opened it.
5. She is applying in order to get a better job.
She is applying………………………………she can get a better job.
6. She forgot the file at home so she had to go back.
She forgot the file at home.………………………………………she had to go back.
SO HE
SINCE/BECAUSE THIEVES
(IN ORDER) TO
SO HE SO
THEREFORE

9. WRITING, PART 1: GENERAL REVISION
1. Tom’s coffee is too hot to drink.
Tom’s coffee is………………………………………………..… to drink.
2. Tim asked if the whole class would participate in the contest.
He asked:”………………………………..class participate in the contest?”
3. He can’t play tennis any more.
He is…………………………………………………play tennis any more.
4. Fortunately, I managed to win the last game.
Fortunately, I …………………………………………..win the last game.
5. I need to take the coat to the cleaner’s this week.
I need to get…………………………………………………………this week.
6. They suggested to go to the shopping center.
They suggested: “………………………………………..to the shopping center?”
7. I finished writing the postcard a minute ago.
I’ve …………………………………………………..writing the postcard.
8. You know you mustn’t leave before 3.30
You know you are…………………………………………..leave before 3.30.
9. He learned to drive in order to get a job as a salesman.
He learned to drive …………………………………………….he could get a job as salesman.
10. They say that the film has some frightening scenes.
They say……………………………………..some frightening scenes in the film.
Not cold/cool enough
Will the whole
Not able to/ unable to
Could/ was able to
My/ the coat cleaned
What/ how about going
Just finished
Not allowed to
So that
That there are