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Crisis in the 14th Century: Disease, War & Division

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1 Crisis in the 14th Century: Disease, War & Division
The Late Middle Ages Crisis in the 14th Century: Disease, War & Division

2 Black Death: Precursors
High Middle Ages = Stability > growing population > overpopulation, food? Climate Change > Famine > Health Risk Bubonic Plague spreads from Asia: Silk Road Trade + Mongol expansion

3 Black Death Direct Causes & Rapid Spread
Infected fleas + rats >> infected people Increasing urbanization spread disease Lack of immunity >> DEATH!

4 Black Death: Why? Reactions
It must be GOD’s punishment > Asceticism + Flagellants… It must be bad air & vapors released by earthquakes… It must be the Jews >> Anti-Semitism + Pogroms >> Jewish Migration to Poland & Eastern Europe

5 Black Death Impact Cultural Pessimism Social Unrest Economic Unrest
Ars Moriendi (Art of Death) Social Unrest Migration: Jews to Poland Migration: Peasants to towns RC Church weakened Class Tensions >> REVOLTS! French Jacquerie, English Peasants, Italian Ciompi Economic Unrest Labor shortage = Labor Power ↑↑ English Statue of Laborers (1351) > unrest! Upper class oppression, taxes >> REVOLTS!

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7 Hundred Years War: Cause, Course & Impact
Causes: E v F, feudal claims LAND + Throne, E nationalism & human pride Flanders cloth <> English wool Course & Key Events: English Longbow v French crossbow, cannon, destruction in France Crecy (1346) + Poitiers (1356) + Agincourt (1415) = E wins !! Joan of Orleans = F  victory + inspiration… Joan of Arc betrayed, French intrigue > Heretic! Major Outcomes: E cloth industry ↑, French nationalism ↑, Peasant unrest in E & F

8 LMA Differences in Political Development…
Who? England, France, HRE, Italy Common Issues: Feudal Relations (Scutage), Taxation, Leadership England: $$ issues > Parliament ↑ “Power of the Purse” Parliament = Lords (inherited) + Commons (elected) Dynastic challenge = Lancaster v York “War of the Roses” > Tudor ↑ France: Area & Family Rivalry = divided nation, weak Estates-General Unfair taxation = lack of support, unity HRE: Small states & city-states hold power = Divided nation HR Emperor = “elected” & princes hold power

9 LMA Italian Political Development…
Papacy = Religious + Political Divided Italy, City-States emerge Government = Republics or Despots / Tyrants (Power Family in each major area) Key City-States = Venice, Milan, Florence, Naples, Papal States… Florence: Republic > Popolo Grosso v. Minuto > Oligarchy Medici Family dominates… banking, trade, RCC Venice: Republic > Patrician Oligarchy = stability, trade domination

10 Great Schism & the “Babylonian Captivity”
RCC Internal Issues: Secularization & visible corruption, bureaucracy Benefice System + Annates + Rota Romana + Clericos Laicos + Theology Δs (Indulgences + Purgatory) = ↑ papal power Boniface VIII > Unam Sanctum (papal bull) = Church Over State RCC External Pressures: Black Death = no answers Rising Monarchs, France seeks more power, Germans seek more freedom Great Schism: Pope Clement V (F) > Avignon (1309), Italy  > 2 popes Conciliar Movement > Pisa = 3 Popes > Constance = 1 Pope (1417) Result? ↓RCC power, political & theological challenges…

11 Challenges to RCC… Marcilius of Padua: Defender of the Peace = RCC spiritual role ONLY Lay Religious Movements: Mysticism of Meister Eckhart > Modern Devotion (one w/ GOD) Bros. of Common Life (and Sisters)… Erasmus Thomas Aquinas v. William Ockham: Role of reason v. faith? John Huss & Hussites: Vernacular v. Latin, Eucharist issues = Heretic! John Wycliffe & Lollards: Vernacular v. Latin, Challenge RCC Authority Results = ↓ RCC power, seeds of Reformation

12 14th c. Cultural Developments…
Transition to the Renaissance, why? Literature & Entertainment: Dante, Petrarch, Chaucer, Boccaccio, de Pizan: Title & concept? Holiday feasts, music, games… interactive Art: Giotto = art imitates nature, realism Women & Family: Nuclear Family, Gender roles, Child centered Medicine: Shift from Galen’s “Four Humors” > “practice & learning” Hierarchy (Physician, Surgeon, Midwife + Barber… Apothecary) Technology: Mechanical clock, Optics, Paper, Gunpowder, Cannon Urbanization: ↑Gov’t regulation (sanitation), ↑hedonism What about prostitution?

13 Giotto’s “Lamentation of the Christ” What is a Frescoe?

14 LM Ages Entertainment:

15 Mechanical Clock

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