1. Uses of Communication Technologies and Standards
Bury College

2. Advantages of Networks
Ability to share files
Share hardware resources i.e. printer
Share software
Lower software costs – site licence cheaper than 200 licences
Improved security – controlled centrally
Easier to back up files
Improved communication
Central maintenance and support
Easier to implement acceptable use policies

3. Disadvantages of Networks
Technical knowledge needed
Lack of access if server fails
Costly – will save money over time, but high initial outlay.

4. De Facto Standard
A de facto standard is one where no formal agreement is in place, but a particular standard has become the one that is commonly used in practice.
Hardware, software, languages, protocols and formats that are widely used, but not endorsed by a standards organisation, can be judged to be de facto standards.
The GIF format used for pictures placed on webpages is an example of de facto standard that is widely used by web developers.
Another example is PDF.

5. De Jure Standard
De Jure standards are legally binding industry standards that all manufacturers have to agree to work to.
Though they place restrictions on manufacturers, and some people feel this slows down development, these standards are beneficial both for the manufacturers and the end user.
An example of De Jure standard is Wi-Fi.

6. Need for Standards When Transferring Data
Communications software manages data sent over a network – across the medium (fibre optic, cat 5e)
Establishes rules – Protocols (TCP/IP)
Tasks performed –
Putting data into packets
Adding information to each packet (destination, order to be put back together)
Error checking
Establishing connection with remote computers
Changing packets back into data that can be understood.