1. The Language of Sampling
Lecture 5
Sections 2.1 – 2.4
Fri, Sep 8, 2006

2. Why Sample?
Studying a sample gives us only partial information about a population.
So why not study (observe) the entire population?
Samples are random, so how can we expect a sample to be representative of the population?

3. Why Sample?
We can prove mathematically that a large random sample has a very high probability of being representative of the population from which it is chosen.

4. The Language of Sampling
Unit or subject.
Variable.
Population size N.
Sample size n.
Parameter.
Statistic.

5. Parameters and Statistics
For numerical data, we usually use the average of the values in the sample.
For example, the average household income.
What is the variable?
For non-numerical data, we usually use the proportion of observations in a specific category.
For example, the unemployment rate.

6. Random vs. Representative
Random sample.
Representative sample.

7. Example Study: Men Enjoy Watching Bad Guys Suffer
What were the populations?
What were the samples?
What were the variables?
What statistics were used?
What were the parameters?

8. Bias
A sampling method is biased if it systematically produces a sample whose characteristics differ from those of the population.
Note that it is the method that is biased, not the sample.

9. Two Biased Sampling Methods
Convenience sampling.
Volunteer sampling.
Examples?

10. Three Types of Bias Selection bias. Nonresponse bias. Response bias.
Experimenter bias.
Examples?

11. Whose Fault is it?
Selection bias originates in the sampling procedure.
Nonresponse bias originates in the subjects who were selected for the sample, but chose not to participate.
Response bias originates in the subjects who are in the sample.
Experimenter bias originates in the experimenter.

12. Examples Phone surveys. Use random-digit dialing.
Convenience sampling?
Volunteering sampling?
Selection bias?
Non-response bias?
Response bias?
Experimenter bias?

13. Examples Mailed surveys, including e-mail.
Mail individuals a survey and ask them to respond.
Convenience sampling?
Volunteering sampling?
Selection bias?
Non-response bias?
Response bias?
Experimenter bias?

14. Examples Internet survey.
Post the survey questions on the internet and let visitors respond at will.
Convenience sampling?
Volunteering sampling?
Selection bias?
Non-response bias?
Response bias?
Experimenter bias?

15. Examples Estimating average family size.
Randomly select individuals and ask them how many siblings they have.
Convenience sampling?
Volunteering sampling?
Selection bias?
Non-response bias?
Response bias?
Experimenter bias?

16. Tomorrow
Bring your calculator!