1. Ideas of 2nd Constitutional Period
Turkish Nationalism
CUP’s understanding of
Feminism

2. Emergence of Turkish Nationalism

3. Competing Ideologies in 2nd Constitutional Period
Ottomanism
Islamism
Turkism
imperial state nationalism vs ethnic nationalism

4. The Impact of the Turkish Emmigres of Russian origin
Turkism as an ideal solution to the problems of both Ottoman and Russian Muslims
Emergence of Muslim bourgeoisie in Russia in the 19th century
Idea of independence from Russia and unification among Turkish-speaking people
Pan-Turkism as a reaction to pan-Slavism & Russian centralization policies in the Caucasus

5. Pan-Turkist Nationalists
They were very active in Russia during the revolution of 1905
Influenced by political movements in Russia
Yusuf Akçura
Ahmet Ağaoğlu
Hüseyinzade Ali
İsmail Gaspirinski

6. Hüseyinzade Ali

7. İsmail Gaspirinski

8. Yusuf Akçura and İsmail Gaspirinski

9. Pan-Turkism
At its early stage pan-Turkism carried bourgeois liberal ideals
Modernizing the religion
Amelioration of the status of women in Ottoman society
Realization of economic and social development

10. ‘Turkification’ Policies of CUP
Cultural Turkism evolved into a political programme during the second constitutional period
Associations
Türk Derneği, Türk Bilgi Cemiyeti, Türk Ocağı
Kırım Talebe Cemiyeti, Buhara Talebe Cemiyeti, Rusya Türk Talebe Cemiyeti
Periodicals
Genç Kalemler (new language), Türk Yurdu (pan-Turkist line), Halka Doğru (inspired by Narodnik discourse)

11. ZİYA GÖKALP Cultural nationalism
Nation as a unity/bond based on common religion and culture – solidarity
A synthesis of Turkish culture and Western civilization
Distinction between civilization and culture
Culture: past customs, language, religion
Civilization: common heritage of humanity, material development
National economy

12. ECONOMY & SOCIETY DURING THE SECOND CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD
TOWARDS A NATIONAL ECONOMY

13. Towards a National Economy
 Economic Liberalism
Merchant culture of Salonica
Possible cooperation with European states
Need of foreign investment and loans
1908 Austrian Boycott
After the Balkan Wars
Increasingly disturbed by the “comprador bourgeoisie”
Searching for the loyal bourgeois class
Greeks and Armenians were regarded as “agents of the West”
What about the Jews?
Homogenization of the society
Muslim Boycott of 1913

14. Minister of Finance : Cavit Bey

15. Yusuf Akçura
“If the Turks fail to produce among themselves a bourgeois class by profiting from European capitalism, the chances of a survival of a Turkish society composed only of peasants and officials will be very slim”
Türk Yurdu 1917

16. Main Goals of CUP’s Policy of National Economy
Accumulation of money in the hands of Muslims
Creation of Muslim/Turkish bourgeoisie
Developing the national industry
Limiting the foreign intervention
Mobilizing all resources, especially human resources, during times of wars