1. Introduction to Immunology

2. مناعة (حصانة) Immunity
علم المناعة
Immunology
Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms.
مناعة (حصانة) Immunity
Immunity is a biological term that describes a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion.

3. What does the Immune System protect against?
Potentially pathogenic organisms
Bacteria: Extracellular / (intracellular)
Viruses: Obligate intracellular parasites
Fungi: Mostly extracellular
Parasites: Extracellular or intracellular

4. Primary function of the Immune System:
To protect individuals against infection
- must be able to distinguish ‘self ‘ from ‘non-self’
Dysfunctions: Immunodeficiency
Allergy
Autoimmunity

5. المناعة المكتسبة (التكيفية)
Immunity
المناعة الطبيعية
Innate immunity
المناعة المكتسبة (التكيفية)
Adaptive immunity

6. المناعة الطبيعية Innate immunity
The innate immune system, also known as non-specific immune system.
It is first line of defense, comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host against infections by other organisms.
Innate immune systems provide immediate defense against infection.

7. Adaptive (acquired) immunity
المناعة المكتسبة
Adaptive (acquired) immunity
The adaptive immune system, also known as the specific immune system.
It is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogens.
It is activated by the “non-specific” innate immune system.
The adaptive immune response provides the vertebrate immune system with the ability to recognize and remember specific pathogens (to generate immunity), and to mount stronger attacks each time the pathogen is encountered.

8. Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems
Rapid, first line of defence against infection
Adaptive
Later, more specific response

9. Innate vs. adaptive immune systems
Response Kinetics Specificity Memory
Innate Rapid (early)
Adaptive Slow (late)

10. أنماط المناعة Type of immunity عندما يهاجم كائن حي فأن لديه وسائل عديدة للدفاع عن نفسه هي:
المناعة الإيجابية (اللقاحات)
Active Immunity (Vaccines )
* المناعة الطبيعية تكتسب من التطعيمات أو من الإصابة ضد مسببات المرض. وفي المرة القادمة التي يهاجم نفس الكائن الممرض جسمك يكون قد تمكنت الذاكرة المناعية من بناء ذاكرة للمرض ومن ثم القدرة على صده بكفاءة عالية.
* تستخدم لأغراض صحية وتكون بتعريض أجسادنا إلى مستضد معين. هذه المستضدات عادة ما تقتل أو تضعف لتقليل قوتها.
وبعد تدمير هذه العوامل الممرضة الجسم يخزن بعض خلايا تي كخلايا ذاكرة. ويرجع بالفعل إلى هذه الشفرات أو الرموز (المستضدات المعينة) عندما يحتاجها الجسم. هذه الذاكرة في خلايا تي يمكن أن تكون وسيلة لاكتساب المناعة بشكل مصطنع بينما هجوم حقيقي ممرض يكسب بطبيعة الحال نوع من المناعة.
المناعة السلبية
Passive Immunity
مناعة سلبية يتم أساسا من خلال أم إلى الرضيع أو الجنين.
المناعة السلبية تأتي في المقام الأول من الأم (IgG antibodies) إلى الطفل أو الجنين.
أيضا يمكن انتقالها على طريق الرضاعة من حليب الأم.
الطفل يملك المناعة من الأم لكنها لا تدوم إلا بضعة أشهر لأن الطفل لم تتطور مناعته الخاصة به.

11. Active Immunity (Vaccines )
Types of Immunity
Active Immunity (Vaccines )
Active immunity is acquired from vaccinations or from infection against a pathogen. The next time you encounter the same pathogen your body has built memory against it and will be able to fight it much more efficiently.
Used for health purposes to expose our bodies to a particular antigen. These antigens are usually killed or severely weakened to decrease their potency. After destroying these pathogens, the body stores some T cells as memory cells, due to the fact they code for a particular antigen and can be when needed. This memory in T cells can be a means of artificially acquiring immunity while a genuine attack by a pathogen is a naturally acquired type of immunity.
Passive Immunity
Passive immunity is primarily through a mother to a baby or fetus.
Through the placenta the mother transfers her immunity (IgG antibodies) to her fetus.
Also through breast milk.
The baby has her/his immunity from the mother but it only lasts a few months because the baby hasn't developed his/her own immunity.

12. SUMMARY

13. Antigen and antibodies
Antigens
Antigens These are any foreign substance which can stimulate the immune system of our body.
They may be pollen, pathogens, spores, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids or lipids.
In short, antigens are the harmful substances which may disrupt the normal functioning of our body.
In order to stop this disruption, our body produces antibody to protect itself and destroy the antigens.
Antibodies
Antibodies are a glycoproteins found in our body, also known as Immunoglobins (Ig).
This protein is produced in response to antigens.
In short, they produced by the army of our body to encounter specific foreign substances which invade the body.
In short, antigens cause the disease and antibodies cure it.

14. Structure of an Antibody
تركيب الجسم المضاد
Structure of an Antibody
                                                                                                                    
Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins with four polypeptide chains.
The two polypeptide chains are long and identical whereas the other two are also identical but short.
The long chains are known as Heavy chains or H chains and the short chains are known as Light chains or L-chains.
Both the chains are held together by disulphide bonds like magnets.
Both chains have a distinct region and a variable region. This variable region is the one where all the action occurs. It acts like a lock and key mechanism, and is used to combine with antigens in a death wrap. This action site is also known as paratopes.
Parts of an Antibody

16. Classes of immunoglobulin 1
Five Classes IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE.
All have the same basic antibody structure.
The polypeptide sequence in the heavy chain constant regions are different, giving different functional characteristics

17. Classes of immunoglobulin 2
IgG - Gamma (γ) heavy chains
IgM - Mu (μ) heavy chains
IgA - Alpha (α) heavy chains
IgD - Delta (δ) heavy chains
IgE - Epsilon (ε) heavy chains

18. Classes of immunoglobulin 3
IgA– This immunoglobin protects the body against gastro-intestinal and respiratory problems. It is commonly found in secretion; colostrum and saliva.
IgD- This antibody activates the B cell after interacting with any antigen. Found on the surface of circulating B lymphocytes often co-expressed with IgM.
IgE – This antibody controls allergic reactions.
IgG- These are extremely important antibodies which stimulate phagocytes. Placental transfer. Predominant Ab of a secondary immune response
IgM – This is the largest antibody. Predominant Ab of primary immune response. Found at B lymphocyte cell surface