1. Kaila Cahoon and Melissa Soleimani
CHAPTER 20
Kaila Cahoon and Melissa Soleimani

2. THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE Otto of Saxony rose in Germany
Pope John XII had proclaimed him emperor in 962

3. THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
Investiture Contest: Imperial authorities appointed important church officials.
Pope Gregory VII ended the practice
Frederick Barbarossa (RED BEARD)- sought to absorb Lombardy in Northern Italy.

4. THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE Capetian France; Hugh Capet founded the dynasty
Normans were descendants from the Vikings
England was invaded by Duke William of Normandy
Popes ruled good sized territory in central Italy
Normans conquered southern Italy

5. ECONOMIC GROWTH AND SOCIAL DEVELOPEMENT
Expansion of arable land; population pressures
Agriculture was improved; crop rotation, cultivation of beans, domestic animals
Tools and technology; watermills and heavy plow. Horseshoe and collar
New supplies of food. Different diets.
Population increased.

6. CONTINUED Urbanization to cities and towns
Textile production and Mediterranean trade
Hanseatic League; an association of trading cities.
Business techniques improved-letters of credit
The three estates; those who pray, fight, work
Chivalry- code of ethics
Troubadours
Independent cities and guilds

7. CHRISTIANITY Cathedral schools and universities.
Influence of Aristotle
Scholasticism; St. Thomas Aquinas coordinated with Christianity
Christianity was very popular; sacraments and devotion to saints.

8. CONTINUED Dominicans and Franciscans were urban-based mendicant orders
Popular heresy-the movement of Waldensians and Cathars

9. MEDIEVAL EXPANSION
Lief Ericsson traveled to modern Newfoundland; Vinland
Christianity spread in Scandinavia
Teutonic Knights were most active in Baltic region
Reconquest for Christianity in Spain and Sicily
Reconquista

10. CONTINUED
Pope Urban II called Christian knights to take up arms to seize the holy land
1st Crusade-Muslims were recaptured
5 had been launched
4th- conquered Constantinople
Crusades failed to take over Palestine from the Muslims

11. Post-Crusades Some states were established
Demands for luxurious goods increased trade with Muslims.
Muslim ideas pass to Europe; science, astronomy, numerals and paper.