1. WHAT IS CRUSTAL EXTENSION AND WHICH GLOBAL LANDSCAPE FEATURES DOES IT GIVE RISE TO?

2. CRUSTAL EXTENSION
Crust
Astheno-
sphere
Upper
Mantle

3. CRUSTAL EXTENSION

4. CRUSTAL EXTENSION
Crustal
Thinning

5. CRUSTAL EXTENSION
Crustal
Thinning

6. CRUSTAL EXTENSION
Crustal
Thinning
Crustal
Faulting

7. DIVERGENCE. 1
Old Crustal Block

8. DIVERGENCE. 2 Crustal Thinning & Faulting Block 1 Block 2
Large reservoir of
liquid magma close
to surface of crust

9. DIVERGENCE. 2 Block 1 Block 2 Long Deep Lakes Active Volcanoes
Pressure
Gradient
Long Deep
Lakes
Active Volcanoes

10. DIVERGENCE. 3
Crustal blocks moving further apart
Block 1
Block 2

11. DIVERGENCE. 3 Crustal blocks moving further apart Block 1 Block 2
Older volcanic rocks cooled, solidifies, contracts and adheres to blocks.

12. DIVERGENCE. 3 Crustal blocks moving further apart Block 1 Block 2
Older volcanic rocks cooled, solidifies, contracts and adheres to blocks.
Active volcanicity still connected to reservoir in upper mantle

13. DIVERGENCE. 3 Crustal blocks moving further apart
Sea invades long narrow inlet.
Block 1
Block 2
Older volcanic rocks cooled, solidifies, contracts and adheres to blocks.
Active volcanicity still connected to reservoir in upper mantle.

14. DIVERGENCE. 4
Crustal blocks moving further apart
Block 1
Block 2

15. DIVERGENCE. 4 Crustal blocks moving further apart Block 1 Block 2
Oldest volcanic rocks near edge of block.

16. DIVERGENCE. 4 Crustal blocks moving further apart Block 1 Block 2
Oldest volcanic rocks near edge of block.
Younger volcanic further from block, cooled, solidified, contracted.

17. DIVERGENCE. 4 Crustal blocks moving further apart Block 1 Block 2
Oldest volcanic rocks near edge of block.
Active volcanicity still connected to reservoir in upper mantle
Younger volcanic further from block, cooled, solidified, contracted.

18. DIVERGENCE. 4
Sea broadening. Shallow water, volcanic islands in middle
Crustal blocks moving further apart
Block 1
Block 2
Oldest volcanic rocks near edge of block.
Active volcanicity still connected to reservoir in upper mantle
Younger volcanic further from block.

19. DIVERGENCE. 5
Crustal blocks moving further apart
Block 1
Block 2

20. DIVERGENCE. 5 Crustal blocks moving further apart Block 1 Block 2
Oldest volcanic rocks near edge of block.

21. DIVERGENCE. 5 Crustal blocks moving further apart Block 1 Block 2
Oldest volcanic rocks near edge of block.
Old volcanic further from block.

22. DIVERGENCE. 5 Crustal blocks moving further apart Block 1 Block 2
Oldest volcanic rocks near edge of block.
Old volcanic further from block.
Young volcanic near mid-ocean.

23. DIVERGENCE. 5 Crustal blocks moving further apart Block 1 Block 2
Oldest volcanic rocks near edge of block.
Active volcanicity in mid-ocean.
Old volcanic further from block.
Young volcanic near mid-ocean.

24. DIVERGENCE. 5
Large ocean basin underlain by volcanic rocks symmetrically distributed
Crustal blocks moving further apart
Block 1
Block 2
Oldest volcanic rocks near edge of block.
Active volcanicity in mid-ocean.
Old volcanic further from block.
Young volcanic near mid-ocean.

25. EAST AFRICAN RIFT VALLEY
Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo
Rwanda
Block 1
Block 2
EAST AFRICAN RIFT VALLEY

26. EAST AFRICAN RIFT VALLEY4
5 HIGHEST PEAKS
IN AFRICA 2 3 1 5
EAST AFRICAN RIFT VALLEY

27. EAST AFRICAN RIFT VALLEY4
2nd and 3rd DEEPEST
LAKES IN THE
WORLD 2 3 1 5
EAST AFRICAN RIFT VALLEY

29. GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHQUAKES

30. GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF
VOLCANOES
03.02.b1

31. Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Sudan and Eritrea, fit together like pieces of a jig-saw puzzle across either side of the Red Sea.
Block 1
Block 2

32. 03.00.a1f

33. 10.08.a4

34. Former Yemeni President, Ali Abdullah Saleh
Extinct volcano!
USS Cole
17 Died
39 Injured
Aden, 2000
Former Yemeni President, Ali Abdullah Saleh
Volcanic lavas have filled the rift on the African side (Afar Triangle), creating strategic choke-point between Somalia and Yemen!
Block 1
Block 2

35. Grandfather, Fred Mundy D.C.M.
Suez Canal links Mediterranean and Indian Ocean via the Red Sea.
Aden: British controlled
Grandfather, Fred Mundy D.C.M.
Suez – Jerusalem
Block 1
Block 2

36. GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHQUAKES

37. GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF
VOLCANOES
03.02.b1

38. THE WEST BANK SETTLEMENTS
Pre-1967 Arab-Israeli War border of Israel
Jerusalem

39. GOLAN HEIGHTS (EAST BANK!)

40. ATLANTIC OCEAN

41. ATLANTIC OCEAN
ICELAND

42. ATLANTIC OCEAN
Ronald
Reagan
Margaret
Thatcher

43. FALKLANDS MALVINAS SOUTH ATLANTIC
OIL AND NATURAL GAS
NORTH SEA
EUROPE
BRITAIN
FALKLANDS
MALVINAS
SOUTH
ATLANTIC
ARGENTINA
10.10.b1

44. ATLANTIC OCEAN
ELBA
ST. HELENA

45. GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHQUAKES

46. GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF
VOLCANOES
03.02.b1
NB. THESEMUST APPEAR ABOVE SEA LEVEL TO BE PLOTTED!

47. ATLANTIC OCEAN
10.04.a3

48. INDIAN OCEAN
10.04.a3

49. PACIFIC OCEAN
10.04.a3

50. SOUTHERN OCEAN
10.04.a3

51. 10.04.a4

52. THINK! TIME AND SPACE.

53. FIVE ACT PLAY I II III IV V Length of Play = 2 hr
7 version of the play running over a period of 4 hrs

54. SEVEN THEATERS START THE PLAY AT RANDOM TIMES.
SEVEN SPECTACTORS ARRIVE AT EACH ONE OF THE DIFFERENT THEATERS SIMULTANEOUSLY AND RECORD WHICH ACT THE PLAY IS IN.
One in Act 1, 1 Act 2, 2 Act3, 2 Act 4, 1 Act 5 -: Roughly proportional to the lengths
of time spent in each act.
We can’t watch the whole play (ocean basin formation), but we can visit many ocean
basins now and assume that they represent the lengths of time that the play would spend
in each act if we were able to observe it over time.