1. Transport Systems in the Body

2. Red Blood Cells (RBCs) AKA erythrocytes
Functions in respiratory gas transportation (with hemoglobin)
Flexible biconcave shape
Mature cells lack nucleus
Formed in the red bone marrow
Confined to blood stream due to size
In the adult male, normal RBC count is 4.5 to 6.3 million
Makes up around 40-50% of blood

3. Leukocytes AKA white blood cells
Functions in immunity/protection for the body through phagocytosis
“phago-” to eat
“-cyto-” cells
“-osis” process
Made in bone marow
Have cell nucleus
Not confined to blood stream
Makes up about 1% of blood
Numbers increase when fighting pathogens

4. Platelets Functions in blood clotting Contain blood clotting chemicals
Are cell fragments
Produced in bone marrow
Forms a temporary patch in the walls of damaged blood vessels.
Active tissue contraction occurs after clot formation has initiated

5. Is that all??? Plasma – Contains dissolved materials and wastes
Straw colored
Plasma makes up about 50 to 60 percent of blood volume, and is more than 90 percent water.

6. Functions of Blood
Distribution of oxygen, nutrients, metabolic wastes, and hormones
Regulation of body temperature, pH, circulatory fluid volume
Protection against blood loss and infection
Average volume ~ 5L
Approximately 8% of body weight
95% of blood components are made in the bone marrow

7. What Is A Blood Type? four blood groups: O, A, B and AB
Based on antigens on the blood cell
Rh factor (antigen) will make each group either positive or negative

8. Antigens and Antibodies
Antigens are cell’s ID tags
Proteins located on cell membrane
Blood contains antibodies for unlike blood groups
Antibodies are large proteins produced by white blood cells
Causes agglutination (clumping) of blood cells when different antigens are present

9. Type A Blood
antigens
antibodies

10. Type A Has A antigens Has B antibodies (Anti B)
42% of Canadians share this blood type

11. Type B Blood
antigens
antibodies

12. Type B Has B antigens Has A antibodies (Anti-A)
9% of Canadians share this blood type

13. Type AB Blood
antigens

14. Type AB Has A and B antigens Has no antibodies Universal Recipient!!!
3% of Canadians share this blood type

15. Type O Blood
antibodies
antibodies

16. Type O Has no antigens Has A and B antibodies (Anti-A and Anti- B)
Universal Donor!!!
46% of Canadians share this blood type

17. Blood Transfusions History:
English physician during the mid-17th century who infused a wounded soldier with sheep blood
19th century, European and American doctors used transfusions in a last ditch attempt to save soldiers and other patients with severe wounds
Doctors in the 19th century also experimented with a variety of blood substitutes, including milk, water, and even oils.
ABO blood types discovered in 1900

18. So what does that mean today??
Canadian Blood Services maintains bank
Shelf life is ~35 days
Tests blood from donor
Recipient's blood tested for compatibility with donor to prevent hemolysis
Whole Blood Donations: every 56 days, 450 ml given
Autologous Donations: own patient’s blood
Aphaeresis Donations: parts of blood are taken, some is returned
Plasma Donation
Platelet Donations
Stem Cell Donations

19. Who Gets What? Blood Group Antigen Present Antibodies Present
Blood That Can Be Received A
Anti-B
A and O B
Anti-A
B and O AB
A and B
None
A, B, AB, and O
Universal Recipient O
Anti-A and Anti B
Universal Donor

20. Blood Vessels
In closed circulatory systems, blood is confined to vessels
Blood exchanges materials with the interstitial fluid bathing the cells
Arteries lead blood to capillaries from heart
Veins return blood from the capillaries
Action occurs in capillaries

21. Arteries:
carry blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body
Arteries are thicker than veins…why??
Thick layer of smooth muscle (nonstriated; involuntary)= middle layer
Inside layer=endothelium
Outside layer = thick elastic connective tissue

22. Capillaries are microscopic vessels with very thin, porous walls
Are a single of flattened cells
Site of gas exchange
Occurs due to pressure
Water, sugars, salts, oxygen and waste products pass through the capillary walls

23. Veins
return blood to the heart
Categorized by direction of flow, NOT whether or not they contain oxygen
Thinner layer of smooth muscle = middle layer
Endothelium = inside layer
Thin connective tissue, not very elastic = outside layer
VALVES to prevent back flow of blood
Blood flows mainly due to muscle action