1. Human Reproductive System

2. 1.1 – Sexual Reproduction Define sexual reproduction
Define fertilization   
Mrs. Degl

3. 1.2 - Sexual reproduction in humans
Identify and name on diagrams of the male reproductive system:
Identify and name on diagrams of the female reproductive system:
Describe fertilization
State process of early development an functions
Outline the growth and development of the
Outline the processes involved in labor and birth
Male: the testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra and penis, and state the functions of these parts
Female: the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina, and state the functions of these parts
State the functions of the umbilical cord, placenta, amniotic sac and amniotic fluid
Outline the growth and development of the fetus in terms of increasing complexity in the early stages and increasing size towards the end of pregnancy
Describe the ante-natal care of pregnant women, limited to special dietary needs and the harm from smoking and alcohol consumption
Outline the processes involved in labour and birth, limited to: – breaking of the amniotic sac – contraction of the muscles in the uterus wall – dilation of the cervix – passage through the vagina – tying and cutting the umbilical cord – delivery of the afterbirth

4. 1.3 - Sex hormones in humans
Describe the roles of testosterone and oestrogen
Describe the menstrual cycle
Describe the roles of testosterone and oestrogen in the development and regulation of secondary sexual characteristics during puberty
Describe the menstrual cycle in terms of changes in the ovaries and in the lining of the uterus

5. Sexual Reproduction Definition:
A process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two different gametes (sex cells) to form a zygote.
The production of offspring that are genetically different from each other.
Asexual - Some single cell can reproduce by dividing into 2. Some can produce by budding – part of their body breaks away into a new individual.

6. What are Gametes (sex cells)?
Simply: the sperm and the egg

7. Female Reproductive System
Ovaries – produce eggs – two whitish oval bodies about 3-4 cm long.
One on each side of the uterus. Close to the ovary is the funnel shape opening of the oviduct (fallopian tube)
Oviducts open into a wider tube or opening called the uterus (womb)
Uterus – when no embryo, only 80mm long.
This leads to the outside by a muscular tube called the vagina
Cervix – ring of muscles closing the lower end of the uterus where it joins the vagina.
Urethra from bladder opens into the vulva in front of the vagina.
Mrs. Degl

8. Male Reproductive System
Testes – produce sperm
Lie outside the abdominal cavity in a sac called the scrotum
To keep them just below body temperature
Testes consist of a mass of tubes to form ducts that lead to the epididymis
Epididymis – coiled tube about 6 meters long on the outside of each testis
Epididymis leads to the sperm duct
Sperm ducts open into the urethra just after it leaves the bladder
Seminal vesicle branches from each sperm duct just before it enters the prostate gland
Urethra passes through penis
Penis contains tissue called erectile tissue

9. Ova
Sperm and eggs.

10. Sperm Cell

11. Gamete Production Sperm – Millions Eggs – much less Humans – 1
Mammals
Fish/ Amphibians – A lot
Males produces millions of sperm and the woman has fewer eggs. Fish and Frogs tons of eggs and offspring.
Mammals – 1-20 eggs fertilized
Humans 1 – only 1
2 eggs non identical twins
1 egg – identical twins

12. Cell formed is a Zygote. Zygote will grow by cell division to produce an embryo.

13. Ovulation Mature egg cells bursts into oviduct Humans – once a month
Ova are present in the ovary from birtg
No more are formed during lifetime
Ages eggs start to mature and are released one at a time every 4 weeks from alternate ovaries
As the egg matures It divides rapidly and prduces a fluid filled sac called the follicale
When mature, it projects from the ovary like a small blister
Ovulation - Follicale burts and releases ovum with its coating of cells into the funnel of the oviduct
Move down the oviduct by cilia in the tube liniing
If egg meets sperm then it may be fertilized
Released ovum is enclosed in a jelly-like coast called Zona pellucida and is still surrounded by follicle cells
Before fertilization can occur, the sperm must get through this barrier by secreting enzymes from the sperm head.

14. In the Beginning When egg and sperm nuclei fuse they form a zygote.
Zygote is a single cell and eventually develops into an embryo.
Acto of copulation

15. In the Beginning
The embryo is a ball of cells that implants into the wall of the uterus.

16. Fertilization
Definition:
Fusion of gamete nuclei

17. Fertilization
Definition: fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg)
Click me fertilization.
The Sperm reaches an egg and fuses with it. The sperm nucleus passes into the ovum and the two nucleus fuse. Called fertillization.

18. Fertilization Occurs in upper 1/3 of Oviduct
Only 1 sperm can fertilize an egg
Fertilized egg = zygote
An average woman is pregnant (gestational period) for 9 whole months.
That is 40 weeks. Babies can survive if they are born earlier, but they may have complications due to being premature.

19. Fertilization Continued
After ovulation, egg caught in the funnel of the oviduct
Funnel lined with cilia to move it along
Muscles in the wall of the oviduct help move it by peristalsis

20. Fertilization continued
Close to the top of the oviduct so sperm must meet it there
If the egg is not fertilized (8-24 hrs.) – it dies

21. Implantation Fertilized eggs are implanted into thick walls of uterus
Zygote grows into an embryo
Embryo gets air and nutrients through the umbilical cord
Mom’s uterus grows with the baby
Takes embryo several hours to reach the uterus
Sinks into uterus lining

22. Placenta and Amnion Placenta grows as embryo grows
Connects to wall of uterus
Where nutrients , gases, and excretory materials are exchanged

23. Placenta and Amnion Provides a barrier to toxins and pathogens
Some toxins like nicotine and pathogens like rubella virus, can pass across the placenta and affect the fetus

24. Placenta and Amnion Amnion surrounds the fetus
Makes liquid called the amniotic fluid
Helps support and protect the embryo

25. Placenta and Amnion After 11 weeks, embryo into a fetus
Placenta joined to fetus by umbilical cord with two arteries and a vein
Arteries away from fetus to placenta

26. Ante-Natal Care (before birth)
Diet – calcium, iron, carbohydrates, protein
Exercise – swimming, walking
No smoking
Avoid diseases
Calcium – bones
Iron – hemoglobbin
Smoking – CO and nicotine can pass through, cause baby to be born smaller
Avoid illneses - Rubella

27. Birth

28. 1st Trimester = 1st 12 weeks Heart develops first Neural tube develops
All body systems appear by Week 8 – Now a Fetus

29. 2nd Trimester = up to 24 weeks
Most growth
Looks more like a baby
Some preemies survive at this stage

30. 3rd Trimester = Up to 40 weeks
More growth
Kicking, rolling, stretching
Eyes open – Week 32
Lungs mature
Rotates to head-down
position, unless baby is breech

31. Labor and Birth Labor Uterine contractions begin
Cervix dilates to 10 cm.

32. Labor and Birth Amniotic fluid breaks
Contraction of muscles in uterus walls
Dilation of the cervix
Passage through the vagina
Tying and cutting umbilical cord
Delivery of the afterbirth

33. Sex Hormones
Testosterone
Estrogen

34. Secondary Sexual Characteristics - Male
Produced by testosterone
Deeper voice
Chest and facial hair
Lengthen bones
Increased size of testes for sperm production

35. Secondary Sexual Characteristics - Female
Induced by increased LH, FSH, estrogen, and progesterone hormone levels
Pubic hair
Widen pelvis
Enlarge mammary tissue (breasts)
Begin menstrual cycles