1. Introduction to Computer-Aided Instruction

2. History of Computers
1943
ENIAC was constructed, finished in 1946, and turned off in 1955 for the last time.
1945
the term “bug” was coined by Grace Hooper when programming Mark II
1949
Claude Shannon builds the first machine that plays chess at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

3. History of Computers
1949
The Harvard-MARK III, the first of the MARK machines to use an internally stored program and indirect addressing, goes into operations again under the direction of Howard Aiken
1950
The first electronic computer is created in Japan by Hideo Yamachito

4. History of Computers
1953
A magnetic memory smaller and faster than existing vacuum tube memories is built at MIT
1955
Dartmouth College’s John McCarthy coins the term "artificial intelligence."
1963
Doug Engelbart invents and patents the first computer mouse

5. History of Computers 1967 1975 IBM creates the first floppy disk.
Paul Allen and Bill Gates write the first computer language program for personal computers, which is a form of BASIC designed for the Altair. Gates later drops out of Harvard and founds Microsoft with Allen.

6. History of Computers
1980
IBM hires Paul Allen and Bill Gates to create an operating system for a new PC. The pair buy the rights to a simple operating system manufactured by Seattle Computer Products and use it as a template. IBM allows the two to keep the marketing rights to the operating system, called DOS.

7. History of Computers
1990
Tim Berners-Lee, working with Robert Cailliau at CERN propose a 'hypertext' system, which is the first start of the Internet as we know it today.
1997
IBM’s Deep Blue computer defeats world champion chess player Garry Kasparov in their second six-game showdown, winning the tie-breaking game in only 62 minutes.

8. History of Computers in Education
early use of computers in education are primarily on the field of:
mathematics
science
engineering
mathematical problem-solving tool

9. History of Computers in Education
1959
PLATO at University of Illinois
by Donald Bitier
first, large-scale project for the use of computers in education
enable computer-based instruction to integrate text and graphics, and provided instructors with one of the first programming environment for computer-based instruction

10. History of Computers in Education
1963
Patrick Suppes and Richard Atkinson at Stanford
establish a program of research and development on CAI in math and reading.
develop an individualized, instructional strategies that allowed the learner to correct his responses through rapid feedback.
mastery is obtained through drill-and-practice

11. History of Computers in Education
researchers were looking for new educational paradigms to take advantage of the breakthrough in computer technology.
developed paradigm: ICAI

12. CAI stands for Computer Aided Instruction
an instructor-led, computer–based teaching aid.
the use of computer in the delivery of instruction.
the integration of software and hardware in instruction

13. CAI CAI: Computer-Assisted Instruction CBE: Computer-Based Education
CAL: Computer-Assisted Learning
IAC: Instructional Applications of Computers
CBI: Computer-Based Instruction

14. Arguments in Using Computers (Instruction)
Pro
Computers have endless supply of energy
Computers can be made available for longer period of time vs. human tutors
Computers, when properly programmed, are faster and more accurate than human instructors
Computers are capable of giving endlessly changing list of examples.

15. Arguments in Using Computers (Instruction)
Against
computer instruction programs are notoriously poor in anticipating a students individual needs.
computer instruction programs are often more than rote exercises having scant educational values.
computer instruction programs have been very poor at adapting to the students changing abilities, and have locked the student into relatively rigid mode of instructions.

16. Use of Computers in Academe
As Tools
As Assistants
As Teachers

17. Computers as Tools General purpose: Word processors Spreadsheets
To automate tasks
Word processors
MS Word, Notepad, Wordpad, etc.
Spreadsheets
MS Excel, Lotus 123, etc.
Presentation Applications
MS Powerpoint, etc.

18. Computers as Assistants
General purpose:
for Assessment, Remediation, and Reinforcement
Applications
Drills
Instructional games
simulations

19. Computers as Teachers General purpose: Implementations:
for Instruction, Remediation, and Assessment
Implementations:
CAI
ICAI
Tutorials
Simulations

20. Advantages of CAI Interactive Provides immediate feedback
Infinitely patient
Motivates learners
Provides consistency in presentation
Can adjust difficulty to the level of the learner

21. Advantages of CAI
Can present concepts or processes dynamically and using multiple forms of representation
Can maintain records of student performance
Can accommodate large number of learners

22. Limitations of CAI Repeated instruction Inexpensive distribution
Equipment and software can be costly
Development takes time and money
Lack of “personal touch”

23. Development Tools Programming Languages Relatively inexpensive
Powerful and flexible
Difficult to learn and use
Ex: Pascal, C, Java, Visual Basic, etc.

24. Development Tools Multimedia/Hypermedia tools
Relatively easy to learn and use
Relatively powerful and flexible
Moderately priced
Ex: HTML, Flash, etc.

25. Development Tools Authoring Tools Relatively easy to learn and use
Powerful and flexible
Expensive
Ex: Macromedia Authorware, IconAuthor, Quest, Pathware

26. Expository Model of Instruction
According to that model (EMI), for instruction to be effective the following four phases should be present:
Presenting information
Guiding the student
Practicing by the student
Assessing student learning

27. Expository Model of Instruction
Presentation of Information
“to teach something new, the instructor must first present information”
The instructor will perform the skills so that the students can imitate
methods: Examples
instructor-centered

28. Expository Model of Instruction
Guidance
interactive tutorial
Student performs under guidance of teacher
answers questions about factual info
apply rules and principles in problem-solving activities
practice procedural skills

29. Expository Model of Instruction
Guidance
the instructor observes the student, correct errors, and give suggestions or hints
Guided discovery is part of the guidance phase of instruction

30. Expository Model of Instruction
Practice
learner-centered
Instructor observes and corrects the student, but emphasis is on the student practicing and the instructor making only short corrective statements.

31. Expository Model of Instruction
Practice
Fluency, speed and practice
method: use of workbooks (arithmetic), flashcards (foreign-language instruction)

32. Expository Model of Instruction
Assessment
level of learning
quality of teaching
future instructional needs
method: tests

33. Instructional Methodologies
Tutorials
Drills
Simulations
Instructional Games
Tests

34. Instructional Methodologies
Tutorials
teach new materials
typically they present information and then question the user to ascertain the level of learning achieved
able to monitor the student's progress and to present remedial or advanced levels if and when required

35. Instructional Methodologies
Drills
typically deals with material that has already been taught
the student is presented with a task, often selected randomly, and feedback is offered immediately
able to keep pace with the student by offering remedial or advanced level if and when they become necessary

36. Instructional Methodologies
Educational Games
may be tutorial/drill and practice/simulation with game elements added
learning elements are hidden

37. Instructional Methodologies
Simulations
may be used to present information and guide the learner, to guide and drill, to do all three, or to test the student’s knowledge.
in here, the student learns by actually performing the activities to be learned in a context that is similar to the real world.

38. Instructional Methodologies
Tests
assessed the level of learning
use for a variety of purpose:
Determine what a student knows and does not know;
Rank ordering of students in terms of performance;
Assigning grades; etc.

39. Instructional Methodologies
Tests
Can take the form of an informal quiz or a strictly monitored examination where admission is by reservation only.