1. Marxism – Key Words Proletariat Bourgeoisie Ruling class ideology
Exploitation
Alienation
Capitalism
Capitalist
Conflict
Economic determinism
False class consciousness
Oppression
Monogamous nuclear family
Unit of consumption
Glorified Prostitutes
Haven

2. Making a movie starter activity
Task instructions
You are a casting director for a film.
Your task is to cast the following roles from famous or well-known people.
Detective
Receptionist
Nurse Jones
President of the USA
Cleaner
Pilot
Manager
Doctor
Role
Chosen star
Detective
Receptionist
Nurse Jones
President of USA
Cleaner
Pilot
Manager
Doctor

3. Bechdel Test
To pass the film must have a scene in which two or more named female characters have a conversation about anything at all besides men.

4. What is Feminism? Post-it Challenge. – Think – Pair – Share
1. Define Feminism on a post it note.
2. Share with your partner / table.
Draw what a feminist might look like.
Put best ones on the board.

5. Feminism : Key Terms Patriarchy Discrimination Gender stereotypes
Sexism
Double standards
Glass Ceiling

6. What is Feminism - Myths?
Feminists hate men and think women are better  
Only women can be feminists
Feminism only cares about women
There’s no sexism so feminists aren’t needed anymore 
Feminists are angry and irrational people
Feminists are all butch lesbians 
Feminists don’t shave their armpits or legs 
Feminists can’t make or take a joke 
Feminists are useless

16. Feminism and the Family

17. Feminism
A social and political movement that is concerned with gender inequalities.
A belief in social, political and economic equality between the sexes.
Patriarchal society has systematically oppressed women.
Feminist theorists have also started to question the differences between women, including how race, class, ethnicity, and age intersect with gender.
Feminist theory is most concerned with giving a voice to women and highlighting the various ways women have contributed to society.

18. IN BRIEF
Women suffer the injustices in society because of their gender
Women need to fight for their rights and free themselves from patriarchy
Patriarchy exists in the family, work place, government and throughout society
The family is an institution that benefits men
Women are vulnerable because of childbirth and men exploit this fact and reinforce dependency

19. History of Feminism
1900 First Wave – Suffragettes – The Right to Vote Second Wave – 1960s – Civil Rights – Equal Pay Third Wave – 1990s Post-Feminism?

20. History of Feminism

21. HISTORY OF FEMINISM 1ST WAVE 2nd WAVE
Suffragettes wanted the right to vote
1918 rights given to women over 30
1928 equal right given at 21yrs
2nd WAVE
1960s concentrated on equal rights in the workplace
1961 free contraception
1970 equal pay act
2008 women's pay still averaged 2/3rds of men's which decreased after 40yrs.

22. Footage of the Miss world protest

23. Marxism and Feminism are conflict views...
This means that they believe society is marked by conflict
Marxists = Class conflict
Feminists = Gender conflict
Both views are also described as being anti-family, meaning that they believe the family to be harmful or structured in such a way that exploits people.

24. Famous Feminists Sue Sharp Germaine Greer (the female Eunuch)
(just like a girl)
Germaine Greer (the female Eunuch)
Ann Oakley (housewife)
Simone de – Beauvior (the second sex)

25. Symbolic interactionism
Sociology
Structural Theory
Action Theory
(Interpretivism)
Consensus
Conflict
Symbolic interactionism
Functionalism
Marxism
Feminism
Theory can be said to be like looking at society through different lenses – each give it a different perspective or appearance.

26. Feminist Perspectives
Critical view of the family
Oppresses women
Unequal division of labour
Domestic violence against women
Gender inequality created by society (not natural or inevitable)
There are a number of versions of feminism 

27. Key Terms - Feminism Gender Gender Stereotypes Patriarchy
Discrimination
Reserve army of labour
Power
Dual burden / Triple Shift
Patriarchal ideology
Dark side of the family
Gender – clear distinction between sex and gender. Sex is biological (Male or Female) Gender is socially constructed or socially learned (feminine or masculine) … biology is not your destiny.
Patriarchy - male domination – A family, community or society governed by men. A social system where the father is the head of the family and has authority over women and children.
Social, legal, political and economic organisation of society – AN unjust social system.
Reserve Army of Labour (originally a Marxist concept – the underemployed and unemployed) women are employed as cheap labour, easily dispensable, still seen as a reserve army of labour often employed on temporary contracts or part-time, relief workers.
Dual burden – responsibility for both paid work and domestic work
Patriarchal ideology – a set of beliefs which distorts and supports male dominance.

28. Patriarchy – Male Domination
Sylvia Walby – 6 overlapping structures that define patriarchy in different cultures at different times.
The state: women are unlikely to have formal power and representation
The household: women are more likely to do the housework and raise the children.
Violence: women are more prone to being abused
Paid work: women are likely to be paid less
Sexuality: Women's sexuality is more likely to be treated negatively
Culture: women are more misrepresented in media and popular culture
Definition: Patriarchal (adj.) describes a general structure in which men have power over women. Society (n.) is the entirety of relations of a community. A patriarchal society consists of a male-dominated power structure throughout organized society and in individual relationships.
A patriarchy, from the ancient Greek patriarches, was a society where power was held by and passed down through the elder males. When modern historians and sociologists describe a "patriarchal society," they mean that men hold the positions of power: head of the family unit, leaders of social groups, boss in the workplace and heads of government.

29. Different types Summarise information in each box.
Liberal
Marxist
Radical
Difference
Summarise information in each box.
In pairs – consider evaluation points for each.

30. DIVISIONS OF FEMINISM MARXIST RADICAL LIBERAL Difference
Combines key concepts of patriarchy with Marxism
Women’s oppression is a symptom of a more fundamental form of oppression – CAPITALISM
Role of women in the family serves the interests of the economy and the ruling class
RADICAL
Society is patriarchal and biased towards men
Do not think lobbying will bring equality
Men use aggression to control women and thus maintain their dominant position
Highlights dark side of family life
LIBERAL
Equality can be brought about through legal reform
Men need to be educated of women’s potential
Advocate changing the system from within (lobbying and protesting)
Difference
Argue that ‘white feminists’ have ignored position of black women
Black women face dual oppression due to racism in white society and patriarchy
Ignores similarities between different ethnic groups

31. Marxist Feminists Main problem is capitalism
Women reproduce the labour force
Unpaid domestic work, socialising the next generation of workers and maintaining and servicing the current one
Women absorb anger
Fran Ansley (1972) states that women are the ‘takers of shit’ – absorb their husband’s frustration
For Marxists this explains male domestic violence against women
Women are a ‘reserve army’ of cheap labour
Taken on when extra work is needed
When no longer needed can return to their primary role as unpaid domestic labour

32. RADICAL FEMINISM Negative view of the family
Men benefit more than women and do very little housework and childcare.
See marriage as a type of prison and violence is used if men don’t get their way
Support diversity (single, gay, divorce etc)

33. Radical Feminism
Argue that all societies have been founded on patriarchy
The key division in society is between men and women:
Men are the enemy – the source of women’s oppression
The family and marriage are the key institutions
Men benefit from women’s unpaid domestic labour and their sexual services
They dominate women through domestic and sexual violence or the threat of it

34. Radical Feminism
The patriarchal system needs to be overturned, particularly the family
They argue the only way to do this is through seperatism – women to live independently from men
Many radical feminists argue for ‘political lesbianism’
Idea that heterosexual relationships are like sleeping ‘with the enemy’
Germaine Greer (2000)
Creation of all female (matrilocal) households

35. Susan Brownmiller (1975) All Men Are Rapists
Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape is a 1975 book by Susan Brownmiller. The book, which is widely credited with changing public outlooks and attitudes about rape, promoted the concept that rape was not the victim's fault. Brownmiller described rape as "a conscious process of intimidation by which all men keep all women in a state of fear."[1] In short, Brownmiller asserts that "rape is a crime not of lust, but of violence and power."[2]
Brownmiller sought to examine general belief systems that women who were raped deserved it, as discussed by Clinton Duffy and others. Believing that rape was a way for men to instill fear in women, she compared it to the gang lynchings of African Americans by white men.[1] This comparison was used to show how lynching was once considered acceptable by communities, and then attitudes changed, followed by changed laws; Brownmiller hoped the same would happen with rape.[2] The book is cited as having influenced changes in law regarding rape, such as state criminal codes that required a corroborating witness to a rape, and that permitted a defendant's lawyer to introduce evidence in court regarding a victim's prior sexual history. After her book was published, all fifty states in the U.S. eliminated marital rape exemptions.[1]
Against Our Will was included in the New York Public Library's Books of the Century, which listed 100 books that greatly influenced different aspects of culture.[3]

36. Susan Brownmiller (1975) All Men Are Rapists
Rape is not the victim’s fault.
Rape is not a crime of lust but one of violence and power.
Used by Men to instil a constant state of fear (similar to Lynchings)
1992 Marital Rape Act
Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape is a 1975 book by Susan Brownmiller. The book, which is widely credited with changing public outlooks and attitudes about rape, promoted the concept that rape was not the victim's fault. Brownmiller described rape as "a conscious process of intimidation by which all men keep all women in a state of fear."[1] In short, Brownmiller asserts that "rape is a crime not of lust, but of violence and power."[2]
Brownmiller sought to examine general belief systems that women who were raped deserved it, as discussed by Clinton Duffy and others. Believing that rape was a way for men to instill fear in women, she compared it to the gang lynchings of African Americans by white men.[1] This comparison was used to show how lynching was once considered acceptable by communities, and then attitudes changed, followed by changed laws; Brownmiller hoped the same would happen with rape.[2] The book is cited as having influenced changes in law regarding rape, such as state criminal codes that required a corroborating witness to a rape, and that permitted a defendant's lawyer to introduce evidence in court regarding a victim's prior sexual history. After her book was published, all fifty states in the U.S. eliminated marital rape exemptions.[1]
Against Our Will was included in the New York Public Library's Books of the Century, which listed 100 books that greatly influenced different aspects of culture.[3]

37. Critique Liberal feminist Jenny Somerville (2000)
Radical feminists fail to recognise that women’s position has improved greatly
Better access to divorce, job opportunities, control over fertility, ability to choose whether to marry or cohabit
Separatism is unlikely to work
Heterosexual attraction
She does recognise that women have yet to achieve full equality

38. LIBERAL FEMINISM Optimistic view of the family
Focus on increased equality that exists
Many couples today see relationship on equal terms
New Man has found his feminine side and takes a more active role in the housework and childcare.

39. Liberal Feminism
Campaign against sexual discrimination and for equal rights and opportunities for women
Argue women’s oppression is gradually being overcome through changes in attitudes and changes in the law e.g. Sex Discrimination Act (1975) which outlaws discrimination in employment
Believe we are moving toward greater equality  full equality depends on further reforms and changes in the attitudes and socialisation patterns of both sexes

40. Getting better… Gradual progress Men are doing more domestic labour
Way parents socialise their sons and daughters is more equal than in the past  similar aspirations

41. Critique
Fail to challenge the underlying causes of women’s oppression and for believing that changes in the law or attitudes will be enough to bring equality  deep rooted social structure changes are needed

42. Difference Feminism
These argue that every individual, and every woman has a different experience of the family
Black feminists argue that by looking at the family mainly as a source of oppression, white feminists neglect black racial oppression
Black feminists see the family as a source of support and resistance against racism
Other feminists argue that women still experience a greater risk of sexual violence, low pay

43. Feminism - Review Patriarchy Oppression Reserve Army of Labour Gender
Dual Burden
Liberal
Radical
Marxist-Feminist
Difference

44. Who says what? RADICAL FEMINISTS MARXIST BLACK LIBERAL
Marriage is the theft of women’s labour
Marriage gives men property rights over women
All women are being grouped together
Fathers should also have right to a close relationship with their children
Divorce allows women to escape a violent marriage
Women ‘service’ men like a car going to a garage
dual oppression is due to racism in a white society and patriarchy
Many couples have equal partnership
Men do very little housework and childcare compared to women
Women are useful if there are plenty of jobs to fill but when there is not they are sent back to be housewives
Challenging each other just weakens the message
Man is in touch with his feminine side

45. Patriarchy – Male Domination
Sylvia Walby – 6 overlapping structures that define patriarchy in different cultures at different times.
The state: women are unlikely to have formal power and representation
The household: women are more likely to do the housework and raise the children.
Violence: women are more prone to being abused
Paid work: women are likely to be paid less
Sexuality: Women's sexuality is more likely to be treated negatively
Culture: women are more misrepresented in media and popular culture
Definition: Patriarchal (adj.) describes a general structure in which men have power over women. Society (n.) is the entirety of relations of a community. A patriarchal society consists of a male-dominated power structure throughout organized society and in individual relationships.
A patriarchy, from the ancient Greek patriarches, was a society where power was held by and passed down through the elder males. When modern historians and sociologists describe a "patriarchal society," they mean that men hold the positions of power: head of the family unit, leaders of social groups, boss in the workplace and heads of government.

46. EVALUATION OF FEMINISM
They all criticise and challenge each other which weakens their overall message
Views are dated as there is now equal pay and equal job opportunities
Most women do not see men as the enemy and want to be with them and get married and have children
NR argues that equality is not always a good thing, working mothers have to juggle time with home and children and are doing more now than being ‘just a housewife’

47. KEY FEMINISTS RADICAL MARXIST Juliette Mitchell Nancy Chodrow
Ann Oakley
Kate Millet
Andrea Dworkin
MARXIST
Juliette Mitchell
Nancy Chodrow
Bea Campbell
LIBERAL
Sue Sharpe
Rosalind Delmar
DIFFERENCE
Bell Hooks

48. Overall view of feminist beliefs
True or False?
Men have exploited women for a long time, they call this matriarchy
The level of exploitation reflects the economic organization of the time
Patriarchy exists in the family, the work place, the government and throughout society
Men cant exploit women because childbirth makes women powerful (even more so today with birth control)
There are more fair ways to share wealth and workload Men are aware of this but choose exploitation.
The fact that men are physically stronger than women is just an exaggeration of gender role socialization

49. Overall view of feminist beliefs
True or False?
Men have exploited women for a long time, they call this matriarchy
F (Patriarchy)
The level of exploitation reflects the economic organization of the time T
Patriarchy exists in the family, the work place, the government and throughout society
Men cant exploit women because childbirth makes women powerful (even more so today with birth control)
Fchildbirth makes women vulnerable
There are more fair ways to share wealth and workload Men are aware of this but choose exploitation.
The fact that men are physically stronger than women is just an exaggeration of gender role socialization

50. Criticisms of perspectives on the family
They all assume the traditional nuclear family is the dominant family type
They are all structural theories
Assume families and their members are simply passive puppets manipulated by the structure of society
Sociologists influenced by the social action view and postmodernism reject this view – ignore that we have this choice

52. On a scale of
Feminism has been a successful political movement.

53. IMPACT OF FEMINISM ON SOCIETY
WORKPLACE
PAY
FAMILY
IMPACT OF FEMINISM ON SOCIETY
EDUCATION
SOCIAL POLICY

54. IMPACT OF FEMINISM ON SOCIETY
WORKPLACE
Less sexism
(nude calendars, innuendos)
Better chance
of promotion
LAW
Equal pay act
Pension age
discrimination
FAMILY
Women go to work
and contribute financially
Have more say in
family matters
Stay at home dads
less of a stigma
IMPACT OF FEMINISM ON SOCIETY
EDUCATION
Girls are treated more
equally in schools
and are out achieving
boys
SOCIAL POLICY
Maternity leave
Paternity leave
Family tax credits
Nursery vouchers

71. Create your own I need Feminism Speech bubbles …
I need feminism because …

72. Home learning
Assess the view that the nuclear family is the most ideal for society and its individuals (20 marks)
Evaluate the feminist view of the family. (20 marks)

73. Task
Create a 30 second to one minute advert is advertising the benefits of living in a family (as put forward by Functionalists)
Then, create an advert that uses the same format, but this time, the negatives associated with living in a family (like the anti-family Marxist view)