1. Foundations To Instructional Design & Media Selection
Produced by
Dr. James J. Kirk
Professor of HRD
Western Carolina University

2. Some Things You Will Learn
The definition of instructional design
Current practices, trends, and issues in instructional design
Key concepts and terminology

3. Instructional Design Foundations

4. What Is Instructional Design?
The activity for planning and designing for instruction. Also a discipline by the same name.

5. Instructional Design Is...
The activity of planning and designing for instruction.
also
A discipline associated with the activity of planning and designing for instruction.

6. Instructional Design Includes
Establishing A Need For Training
Analyzing & Defining The Audience
Specifying Media Based On Sound Instructional Development Decisions

7. Past ID Emphasis Was On Skills Training

8. Current ID Emphasis Is On Cognitive
Cognitive approaches attempt to teach people how to think and process information--not just unthinkingly perform tasks.

9. Other Trends In Instructional Design Include...
Viewing Instruction/Learning As A Subsystem Of An Organization
Viewing Instruction As A Helping Role
Using, Creating, Distributing, Delivering, And Evaluating Learning Activities

10. Instruction/Learning As A Subsystem Of An Organization
Production
Management
Technology
Financial
Communications
Learning

11. Instruction As A Helping Role

12. Technology In The Design & Delivery Of Learning Activities

13. Other Trends In Instructional Design Include...
Using Just-In-Time Instructional Design And Just-In-Time Instruction
Using Self-Directed Learning Systems
Using Performance Learning Systems

14. Using Just-In-Time Instructional Design And Just-In-Time Instruction
In the initial stages you can adopt or design the three components of instruction (Presentation, Activities, Feedback) independently

15. JIT Instructional Design
Activities
Presentation
Feedback

16. Self-Directed Learning Systems
A training design in which the trainee works without the aid of an instructor to a set of predetermined material.

17. Performance
Training or learning that focuses on a job related task, activity, or attitude.

18. Cognitive Principles For Designing Instruction
Responding To Performance Need
Providing Relevant And Clear Instruction
Providing Appropriate Amount of Help
Staying Out Of The Learner’s Way
Motivating Learners

19. Cognitive Principles For Designing Instruction
Fostering A Supportive Learning Climate
Making Training Problem-Centered
Providing Opportunity For Practice
Helping Learners Assume Control Of Their Learning
Providing Learners Feedback
Page 21 (14-15

20. Some Cognitive Models For Instructional Design Are
Cognitive Apprenticeships
Case-Studies
Functional Context
Microworlds
Simulations

21. Cognitive Apprenticeships
Emulating opportunities for extended practice that apprentices have while working under a master craftsperson.

22. Case-Studies
The presentation of real or fictional situations

23. Functional Context
Instruction that begins

24. Microworlds
A Computer-based simulation with opportunities for manipulation of content and practice of skills.

25. Simulations
A model of any process or activity that represents the controls, methods, and consequences of human operator actions.

26. Media Foundations

27. Two Types of Media
Instructional

28. Instructional Media
Media that has a direct link between the course developer and students.

29. Instructional Media
Introduction To HRD
Checklists & Flowcharts
Actual Objects
Workbooks
Sound Slide Sets
Immediatens
Instructional Media are those media that provide a direct link between

30. Instructional Aids
Media that is produced for and used by the instructor in teaching.

31. Instructional Aids Instructional Aids are media designed and produced
Mock-ups
Handouts
Teleconferencing
Slides & Transparencies
Computer Managed Instruction
Role Plays
Instructional Aids are media designed and produced

32. Media Classes Performance Aids Physical Objects Print Audio
Projected Still Visuals
Computer/Multimedia
Simulators

33. Done Before Selecting Media
Establish Need For Training
Analyze/Decide To Select Media Based On Sound Instructional Development Principles

34. Requirement Of Selected Media
Fit Students’ Learning Needs
Copy Real Working Conditions
Be Available & Justifiable
Be Cost Effective
Fit Learners’ Age, Culture, & Learning Habits
Practical For Packaging, Implementing, & Updating

35. Used To Refine Media Selection
Capability With Trainees Backgrounds
Age Of Participants
Local Production Capabilities
Facilities
Budgets

36. Steps In The Media Selection Process

37. Step One
Will your message be instruction or information?

38. Is purpose to achieve measurable
Yes No
Instruction
Information
Will media be used
by the instructor?
(or directly provide
the instruction)
No learning objectives!
Select media to present the desired information.

39. Step Two
How will you communicate the message?

40. Will media be used by the instructor?
(or directly provide the instruction)
Yes No
Instructional Aids
Instructional Medium

41. Step Three
What are the characteristics of your lesson?

42. Determine learning domain Determine learning domain
Will media be used by the instructor? (or directly provide the instruction)
Yes No
Instructional Aids
Instructional Medium
Determine learning domain
Determine learning domain

43. Step Four
What media appears promising?

44. Determine learning domain
Make initial selection from instructional aids.
Make initial selection from instructional medium.

45. Step Five
Is the promising media the best suited for this instruction?

46. Make initial selection from instructional aids.
Make initial selection from instructional medium.
Consider Other Choices.
Review advantages and disadvantages of selected instructional aids.
Review advantages and disadvantages of selected instructional medium.

47. Step Six
Plan the developmental testing of medium & lesson materials?

48. Review advantages and disadvantages of selected instructional aids.
Consider Other Choices.
Review advantages and disadvantages of selected instructional aids.
Review advantages and disadvantages of selected instructional medium. No
Media is ok.
Yes
Develop materials.

49. ASSURE MODEL
Analyze Learners
State Objectives
Select Media & Materials
Utilize Materials
Require Learner Performance
Evaluate/Revise

50. Multimedia

51. Telecommunications Media

52. Some Things You Have Learned
The definition of instructional design
Current practices, trends, and issues in instructional design
Key concepts and terminology