1. Bell Ringer – Complete on slide
Underneath each picture, identify if it is living or nonliving and provide at least 3 arguments for each to support your decision.

2. Unit I: Basic Biological Principles

3. LEQ – Explain the characteristics common to all organisms.

4. I. Biology A. Biology - study of life
1. Can be used to both solve societal problems and explain aspects of our daily lives

5. II. Themes of Biology A. Evolution B. Reproduction
1. Species change over time
2. Adaptations – lead to survival of a species
3. Phylogeny – evolutionary history
B. Reproduction
1. DNA contains hereditary information
2. Genes – short segments of DNA that code for a trait
3. Asexual – reproduction without two genders
4. Sexual - reproduction with two genders that create a fusion of sperm and egg cell 

6. II. Themes of Biology Continued
C. Development
1. Zygote becoming a mature organism
D. Structure and function
1. Morphology – branch of biology that studies structure relationships
a. Anatomy – division of morphology that studies presence of structures
E. Energy relationships
1. Autotrophs – create own energy via sunlight or hydrogen sulfide
Ex. Plants, trees, chemosynthetic bacteria
2. Heterotrophs – obtain energy via eating other organisms
Ex. Humans, dogs, deer

7. II. Themes of Biology Continued
F. Ecology
1. Interdependence of organisms
Organisms live in interdependent communities and interact with both organisms (biotic) and the environment (biotic and abiotic)
G. Science and society
2. Bioethics

8. III. Characteristics of Life
Living things share the same 7 characteristics:
A. Organization and cells
B. Response to stimuli
C. Homeostasis
D. Metabolism
E. Growth and development
F. Reproduction
G. Evolution

9. A. Organization and Cells
1. Organization - degree of order within an organism’s internal and external parts and in its interactions with the living world
2. Cell - smallest unit of an organism that can perform all life’s processes
a. Multicellular - organisms are made up of many cells and show a hierarchy of organization going from the organism to the atom
Ex. Lion, bee, frog
b. unicellular – organisms made up of one cell
Ex. Prokaryotes, most protists, and some fungi

10. B. Response to Stimuli
1. Organism can respond to a stimulus—a physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment
Ex: Plants can detect light from the Sun and respond to this stimuli by bending toward the light (PHOTOTROPISM)
Ex: Pull away when touch extreme heat or get an electrical shock

11. C. Homeostasis
1. All living things have mechanisms that allow them to maintain stable internal conditions.
2. Homeostasis - maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing

12. C. Homeostasis Continued
3. Many processes that occur within living organisms must occur within a certain temperature and pH range. So, living organisms must possess the ability to maintain a constant internal environment. That is, they must be able to maintain homeostasis.
a. Thermoregulation:
1. Sweating and shivering are examples of processes that occur in order to maintain homeostasis.
A. Too hot  Sweat
Sweat evaporates and carries heat with it
B. Too cold  shiver
Shivering forces a person's body to move. This movement generates enough energy to increase the person's temperature

13. D. Metabolism
1. Metabolism - sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment
a. Energy needed by organism for repair, growth, and movement is obtained through metabolism
Ex. Photosynthesis – take in light to create sugar
Ex. Cellular respiration – eat food (glucose) and convert to ATP (energy)

14. E. Growth and Development
1. Growth of living things results from division and enlargement of cells
2. Development – process by which an organism becomes a mature adult
3. All living things grow and increase in size
4. Cell division- is the formation of two new cells from an existing cell.
a. Unicellular -cell division and enlargement
b. Multicellular - cell division, cell enlargement, and development
5. Example: Humans begin as a single cell. Then, the cell divides, grows, and divides again until it forms a layered ball of cells. At this point, the cells differentiate. That is, they specialize to become different types of cells (e.g., muscle cells, skin cells, brain cells, etc.). Eventually, all of the basic human structures form, and the embryo becomes a fetus. Then, the fetus grows until it is born and becomes an infant. Finally, the infant continues to grow into a toddler, the toddler becomes a child, the child grows into a teenager, and the teenager becomes an adult.

15. F. Reproduction
1. Reproduction - living organisms pass on hereditary information from parents to offspring
a. Production of new organisms and is essential for the continuation of a species.
b. Genetic material (DNA) is passed to offspring
2. Types of Reproduction
a. Asexual Reproduction - only one “parent” is needed and the offspring is genetically identical to parent
b. Sexual Reproduction - hereditary information recombines from two organism of the same species. The resulting offspring contain genes (short segment of DNA that contains instructions for traits)from both parents
c. Important for entire species, not individual!

16. G. Evolution 1. Evolution - Change Through Time
a. Populations of living organisms evolve or change through time
b. Important to survival in a changing world.
C. Individual’s genetic characteristics do not change during a lifetime
1. Takes 1000’s and million’s of years!

17. Quick Review: Write response below
Write down the 2 characteristics of life that YOU think are most important and argue why you think this.

18. IV. Diversity and Unity of Life
A. Diversity
1. Life is full of variety
B. Unity
1. Features that all living things have in common
C. The tree of life shows:
1. All living things have descended with modification from a single common ancestor
2. However many different lineages, or branches, representing different species

20. V. Organization of Life A. Three Domains of Life B. Six kingdoms
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya
B. Six kingdoms
1. Archaebacteria
2. Eubacteria
3. Protista
4. Fungi
5. Plantae
6. Animalia

21. Phylogenetic Diagram of Living Organisms

22. VI. Evolution of Life
A. Evolution (descent with modification) - process in which the inherited characteristics within populations change over generations
1. Explains how species came to exist, have changed over time, and adapt to their environment
2. Natural selection - process by which organisms that have certain favorable traits are better able to survive and reproduce successfully than organisms that lack these traits
a. Can lead to the evolution of populations via adaptations for survival

23. Bell Ringer
Write down what’s wrong with this image. Also, write down one change you would make it “fix” the problem.

24. LEQ – Describe relationships between structure and function at biological levels of organization.

25. VII. Structure and Function at the Biological Level of Organization
A. Relationships between structure and function at biological levels of organization
1. Organelle - Specialized subunits of the cell with own function
Ex. Ribosomes, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum
2. Cell - Structural and functional unit of all living organisms
3. Tissue - Made of many cells to perform the same function
4. Organ - Made up of several tissues to perform the same functions
Ex. Heart, lungs, pancreas
5. Organ System - Functions overlap to carry out homeostasis
Ex. Respiratory, Circulatory, Digestive
Multicellular organism
Ex. You!

26. VIII. Cell Specialization
A. Cells in multicellular organisms:
1. Develop in different ways to perform different tasks
2. Perform specific function
B. Cell form (shape) relates to its function (job)

27. VIII. Cell Specialization Continued
C. Structure/Function Examples
1. Cells
a. Red blood cells (RBC’s)- shape allows to carry oxygen and fit through blood vessels
b. Muscle cells- long and stretchy; expand and contract to move body parts
c. Nerve cells- long extensions reaching out to send/receive messages
d. Plant cells- cell wall to provide support to plant
e. Skin cells- flat, plate-like to cover and protect body surface
2. Organs
a. Lungs- small air sacs (alveoli) to increase surface area for gas exchange
b. Small intestines- many small projections (microvilli) to increase area for nutrient absorption

28. Quick Review: Write your response below
List the biological levels of organization starting with a lung cell.

29. Bell Ringer
By now, you know that structure and function are related. Predict some similarities and differences of cell characteristics of the following organisms. (Hint: Think about their function as your brainstorm).
Bacteria Human Plant

30. IX. Cell Theory
A. Scientific theory - serves as one of the foundations of biology is the cell theory. This theory puts forth the following:
1. Cell is the basic building block in all living things
2. All organisms are made up of one or more cells
3. Cells arise from other cells through a cellular division process known as mitosis
4. Cells carry genetic material that is passed on to “daughter” cells during mitosis
5. All cells are essentially the same in chemical composition
6. Energy flow (i.e., metabolism) occurs within cells

31. IX. Cell Theory Continued
B. Cell theory was gradually developed over time by many different scientists.
1. Late 1830's, two scientists - Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden
a. Formally proposed the first two statements in the theory, but they also erroneously thought that cells arose through spontaneous generation
2. Late 1850's - Rudolf Virchow amended the cell theory
a. Suggested that new cells must arise from pre-existing cells
3. Finally, as technology and scientific knowledge improved, the other statements were added to the cell theory.

32. X. Cells
A. Complex “basic building blocks” of living organisms, and they all share one purpose – to organize and survive
B. Unicellular organisms - each cell contains all of the components necessary for its own survival
C. Multicellular organisms - each cell has a different set of functions, and they are dependent on other cells for their survival

33. XI. Brief Overview: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Unicellular organisms (i.e. bacteria)
DON’T HAVE: nucleus, membrane-bound organelles
DO HAVE: DNA, Ribosomes and plasma membrane (also cell wall in most)
EX: Bacteria, blue-green algae, and archaea
Pro – before
Karyon – nut/kernel  nucleus!
Unicellular (protists) or multicellular organisms (i.e. fungi, plants, animals)
DON’T HAVE: Cell wall (except for plants)
DO HAVE: Nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and plasma membrane, cell wall (in plants only), plasma membrane, ribosomes
EX: Protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals
Eu - true

35. Comparison of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Characteristic
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Cells are enclosed within a plasma membrane
Yes
Cells contain DNA.
Cells contain ribosomes.
Cell membranes are surrounded by a cell wall.
Plants, most fungi, and some protists
Cells contain a nucleus. No
Includes unicellular organisms
Includes multicellular organisms.
All cells are able to perform all functions necessary for life.

37. XII. Cell Structure

38. Quick Review: Write your response below
List 3 organelles specific to:
Prokaryotic cells (3)
Eukaryotic cells (3)
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (3)