1. EUROPE WHAT UNITES US? The Celts The Greeks The Romans Christianity
Charlemagne
Napoleon

2. The Celts – 500 BC to 43 AD
A Celtish Chieftain
Who were
The Celts?

3. The Celts – 500 BC to 43 AD
Modern Celts,
reliving the past

4. The Celts – 500 BC to 43 AD Celtish History and Influence
in 500 BC, Celts were dominant European power
they had expanded from southern Germany
not a nation, more a conferation of tribes with shared culture
influence stretched from Spain to Britain, Germany and Northern Italy and as far as Anatolia
they were tribal farmers gathered around their Chiefs’ strongholds
they were bound together by the Druids; learned priests, lawmakers, bards & sages
Celts also had artists, musicians & metalworkers
they traded with Rome, Greece & other countries, but were not much influenced by them
conquered by Romans, then Anglo-Saxons, they left lasting culture

5. The Celts – 400 to 800 BC

6. The Celts – 500 BC to 43 AD
each Celt was a freeman with individual rights
Druidic justice was famous and tribal bonds strong
chiefs were elected by tribespeople, and high-kings by the Chiefs
both could be deposed if not doing well
they were fierce warriors; and used iron for weapons and tools
in 390 BC they sacked Rome & in 280 BC they raided Greece & Anatolia
they also fought amongst themselves; the Romans exploited this when invading Gaul (France) & Britain
the British leader (Caractarus) was betrayed by other Celts
disunited, the Celts lost their independence in 43 to 80 AD
they later accepted Roman rule and fought for them against Germanic barbarians
(The Celts & their languages - the Breton Language)

7. The Celts Today: What is a "Celt"?
Celtic culture is well documented and preserved
millions of people on different continents identify with the culture
something of a Celtic Renaissance is taking place
What is a "Celt"?
Someone who …
… claims Celtic ancestry
… identifies with Celtic culture
… wishes to think of themselves as being Celtic, or even as a Celt

8. The Celts Today - Where are they?
Ireland
Irish Gaelic, a Celtic language, is one of the official languages of Ireland
Gaelic is taught in schools
there are "Gaeltacht" areas, as in parts of Co. Donegal, where the use of Gaelic by native speakers is officially encouraged by the government
according to the World Book Encyclopedia, one in five people in Ireland can speak Gaelic (about 700,000 people), and one in 20 speak Gaelic every day (about 100,000 people)
the World Almanac says that the majority ethnic group of Ireland is "Celtic," and that there is an English minority
economic regeneration has helped the renaissance of the culture
Ireland is claimed by some to be the world's only Celtic nation state

9. The Celts Today - Where are they?
The USA
millions of Americans claim Irish descent
Irish immigrants have always valued their Gaelic roots
presidents often travel to Ireland to trace their roots, e.g. Kennedy
St. Patrick's Day has become a general celebration
Irish pubs are very fashionable
there is even a professional basketball team named after the Celts
till recently (9/11), many Irish Americans supported the IRA

10. The Celts Today - Where are they?
Wales
great resurgence of Welsh nationalism in recent years
revived interest in Welsh language; taught in schools; popular television station broadcasts all its programs in Celtic Welsh; Welsh cartoon series and animated programs for children
Welsh flag shown prominently on many occasions
government obliged to use bilingual road signs
some towns renamed with old Celtish version: Dyfed, Clwyd, Gynedd, and Powys
cultural festivals such as the annual Eistedfod extremely popular

11. The Celts Today - Where are they?
Scotland
over 80,000 people still speak Scottish Gaelic, mostly in highlands and islands
other Celtic elements include references to the clans, bagpipe music, interest in tartan plaids and kilts, Scottish field games, and Scottish step-dancing
strong nationalist element in Scotland; 1999, creation of Scottish Parliament
Brittany
pan-Celtic festival held annually in Lorient
several times a year there are celebrations called Pardons which preserve Celtic Breton culture
many links between Brittany & Ireland
many Irish pubs with regular live Celtic music

12. The Legacy of Antiquity
A United Europe? A Common Heritage?
The Legacy of Antiquity

13. Classical Greece – 600 to 337 BC
LINK
LINK 2
independent ‘city-states’ (‘polis’) grew up
surrounding mountains provided protection
they built encircling walls and a fort (‘acropolis’) was built on a high place inside
Athens & Sparta were the two most important of many
each had own customs, laws & forms of government
they tended to expand towards Black Sea & Africa
they were very competitive with each other
they fought hard for freedom, especially against the Persians
they were traders, sailors & adventurers
also philosophers: influenced many faraway cultures
built philosophies based on observation, reason & discussion

14. A biography of Alexander the Great
Classical Greece – 600 to 337 BC
(the importance of the
Battle of Marathon)
A biography of Alexander the Great
they triumphed at Battles of Marathon & Salamis around 480BC
from 431 they spent over 25 years fighting each other in the Peloponnesian War
Sparta feared the growth of Athenian power, so the city-states never became a united country
city-states united to fight off the Persians
disunity resulted in invasion by Philip II of Macedonia, father of Alexander the Great They gave us language, architecture, philosophy and democracy …..
More photos
of Ancient Greece
The Elgin
Marbles
The Parthenon one / two / three

15. sons of freemen went to school
girls were taught weaving & household skills by mothers
at 6 or 7, boys learned reading, writing, music, dancing & athletics
they wrote on wax tablets, using a stick called a ‘stylus’

16. a new Greek colony is established
Inside the city wall will be a marketplace, temples, law courts, houses, workshops and council chambers

17. Rome - Republic & Empire
A United Europe? A Common Heritage?
Rome -
Republic
& Empire

18. The Founding of Rome - 753 to 509 BC
LINK
BBC
LINK
LINK
legend has it that Rome was founded by local tribespeople who camped on Rome's 7 hills
the people were Sabines and Latins; Romulus was their first King
they were influenced by their neighbours the Etruscans and traders from Greece & Carthage
the Etruscans, from Etruria, lived in city-states emerging around 800 BC
they were farmers, metalworkers, seafarers & traders, and liked music, games & gambling
they were greatly influenced by the Greeks and worshipped Greek Gods

19. The Founding of Rome - 753 to 509 BC
LINK
early Rome was ruled by Kings, who formed armies to defend Rome
the kings had disputes with the patricians, the leading families
the patricians were more representative of a changing, more urbanised Rome
they eventually overthrew the monarchy in 509 BC, leading to the Republic
this was the first republic in the world

20. The Roman Republic – 509 to 27 BC
LINK
Rome was run in the 5th century BC by ‘patricians’ (lords, the ruling class)
there was a struggle between Patricians and Plebians (ordinary people)
this led to the writing of a legal code and the Roman Republic
Rome embarked on wars that led to control of all the Italian peninsular
Rome clashed with Carthage over trade in the Mediterranean, leading to Punic Wars lasting 60 years
Rome established new cities, organisation and prosperity, giving conquered peoples Roman citizenship if they cooperated
by 44 BC they ruled France, Spain, Europe south of the Danube, Anatolia & Northern Africa

21. one two The Roman Empire – built on military power the sad story of
Hannibal & Carthage
one
two

23. The Roman Empire – 27 BC to 475 AD
LINK
Pompeii
in 100 BC, friction arose between patricians and plebians again
power struggles between generals led to civil war
in 44 BC, Julius Caesar became Emperor for Life, but alarmed Republicans assassinated him, and the Republic collapsed
Romans chose dictatorship to chaos, and Octavian gradually took control
under him, trade extended as far as East Africa, India & China
the Empire expanded and built roads, towns and cities
Emperors relied more on the army than on the people
most Emperors chose their successors; some were deposed by soldiers
from 100 AD, Rome was ruled by strong Emperors: Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius & Marcus Aurelius
by 117 AD, the Empire had grown too large; soldiers could no longer be paid with booty, slaves and land taken from those conquered
the last conquests were in Britain, Syria, Palestine & Egypt; most conquered people adapted to Roman life

24. The Romans great builders of antiquity
The Romans were master bridge- builders, not only for transport of people and goods, but also for water. They built magnificent aquaducts all over their Empire, and some are still in use today.
Hadrian's Wall between
Scotland & England

25. The Romans great builders of antiquity famous monuments
fast communications, meaning good roads, were one of the Romans’ greatest assets in the conquest and control of their Empire
most of their roads were straight; many of the routes they followed can still be seen to this day
The Romans great builders of antiquity famous monuments

26. The Roman Empire, 2nd century AD

27. The Roman Empire – built on military power

28. The Roman Empire – built on military power

29. The Battle of Alesia - 52 BC
The Roman Empire – built on military power
The Battle of Alesia - 52 BC

30. The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Roman Empire at its height under Trajan, 337 ad

31. The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Importance of Latin
Latin brought to Italy about 1000 BC by Indo-European immigrants from Northern Europe. As people in Latium developed into organized community, city of Rome in, according to legend, 753 BC
Latin quickly spread over much of Italy, in direct correlation to Roman conquests
with foundation of Roman Empire, large portion of western world came to speak various forms of Latin or combine it with own tongues
"classical" Latin developed in city of Rome and environs; a spoken vernacular form of Latin was carried by Roman army to all Roman provinces
Latin thus superceded pre-Roman dialects of Italy, Gaul and Spain
some expressions of the original languages remained and, once mixed with the spoken Latin, gave birth to new languages known as the Romance languages
only the deeply rooted Greek language resisted Latin domination and continued to be spoken in its original form

32. The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Importance of Latin
Latin also survived fall of Roman Empire; as centuries passed it continued to be an international language of educated and social elite, accompanying the modified tongues of the common people
Latin often an international Lingua Franca between different peoples; use among educated people survived for centuries
the sole language of the Catholic Church was Latin
all scholarly, historical, or scientific work was written in it up to end of Renaissance
when Middle Ages ended, the west experienced a cultural Renaissance; interest in Antiquity & classical Latin as a means of artistic and literary expression grew
during and after this period of rebirth, forms of Latin even transplanted to the Western Hemisphere; today, the people of Mexico, Central America, and South America are called Latins or latinos

33. The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Importance of Latin
Latin is the bedrock of Western European languages
the Romance languages of Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, and Romania developed from a hybrid version of spoken Latin and native tongues
each also influenced in turn by other tongues, such as Slavic, Norse and many Germanic dialects
of these modern languages, Romanian, not Italian, remains the closest living language to the original
without Latin, very few of today's European languages would be possible or recognizable in their current forms

34. AMARE = to love INSULA = an island
The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Latin Language
amo I love
amas you love
amat he/she loves
amamus we love
amatis you love
amant they love
insula nominative (subject)
insula you love
insulam accusative (object)
insulae genitive
insulae dative
insula ablative
AMARE = to love
INSULA = an island
an amateur photographer
(= lover of photography)
an amorous look …
I’m not enamoured of …
an example of insular thought
I live on a peninsular. (pen = almost)
The machine is poorly insulated.

35. The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Latin Language – noun inflections
insula nominative (subject) Insula bella est.
insula you love O insula, te amo
insulam accusative (object) Insulam amo
insulae genitive Insulae dicit.
insulae dative Historiam insulae amo
insula ablative Puer insulae est.
INSULA = an island .
Some latin phrases

36. The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
Roman monuments can be found in most parts of Western Europe. They are very familiar to all Europeans, and a permanent reminder of the Roman Legacy
Roman Architecture
The Colosseum, Rome

37. The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
Roman Architecture
The Colosseum, Rome

38. The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
Roman Architecture
Roman baths at Bath, England

39. The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
Aqueduct, Segovia, Spain

40. The Cultural & Linguistic Legacy of Rome
Le Pont du Gard, Nîmes, France

41. A Christian Europe?

42. Christianity
Christianity fundamental to the history of Europe
around time JC was born, many different sects in Roman Empire
by 400 AD, Christianity dominant
Jews had long believed a Saviour would be born to lead them
Jesus in Nazareth under Roman rule
little known of early life, but in 27 AD he began preaching
told many parables and performed miracles of healing
the Jewish authorities accused him of blasphemy
the Romans under Pontius Pilate tried and crucified him
believed to have come to life again after three days (Resurrection)

43. Jesus Christ - Preacher

44. "The Last Supper" - by Leonardo da Vinci

45. The Crucifixion
of Jesus Christ
by the Romans

46. Christians were persecuted for their faith
many died cruelly in the Romans' amphitheatres
the Emperor Constantine recognized Christianity in 313 AD
said to have adopted the Christian symbol by painting it on his soldiers' shields before a successful battle
thanks to him, Christianity became deeply rooted by the 5th century

47. The Carolingian
Empire under
Charlemagne
814

48. Napoléon Bonaparte
David, Jacques-Louis

49. Napoléon's
Empire
1812

50. Napoléon Bonaparte
born in Corsica; joined French army; general by age 26; captured North Italy 1797
invaded Egypt, but Nelson destroyed fleet ain 1798
1799: returned France & seized control, appointing three Consuls to run France
1804 crowned himself Emperor
many reforms: europe-wide laws, better educational system, reorganized government, created national bank
believed in Meritocracy; founded "Légion d'Honneur"
had vast conscript army - up to 750,000 men
lost Battle of Trafalgar against Nelson in 1805
invaded Spain 1808; expelled by Duke of Wellington of Britain
brilliant general, but disaster in Russia in 1812: only 10,000 men survived out of 500,000
defeated at Leipzig by Allies led by Prussians under von Blücher
France invaded 1814,; Napoléon went into exile
escaped, landed in France for the the "100 days"
defeated at Waterloo by Wellington
exiled to Saint Helena, died in 1821

51. Napoléon Bonaparte - his legacy
Code Napoléon was the French civil code, established March 21, 1804
based on Roman law - the first legal code to be established in a country with a civil legal system
followed Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis in dividing civil law into:
- personal status;
- property;
- acquisition of property
other countries soon copied idea, and developed their own codes, of which Swiss,
German and Austrian codes were most influential
civil law systems of the countries of modern Europe, with the exception of the United Kingdom, Ireland, Russia, and the Scandinavian countries have, to different degrees, been influenced by the Napoleonic Code - Code has thus been the most permanent legacy of Napoleon
intention behind Napoleonic Code was to reform the French legal system in accordance with the principles of the French Revolution; before the Code, France did not have a single set of laws - The vestiges of feudalism were abolished, and the many different legal systems used in different parts of France were replaced by a single legal code
Code dealt only with civil law issues; other codes were also published dealing with criminal law and commercial law

52. The Arc de Triomphe, Paris
Info

53. Napoléon Bonaparte - his legacy
dragged much of Europe into modern world
His reforms marked definitive end of feudal era
created concept of professional army
plunged Europe into war for 15 years
gave France an authentic and enduring hero
AND???
1. Anguilla 2. Antigua and Barbuda 3. Australia 4. Bahamas 5. Bangladesh 6. Barbados 7. Bermuda 8. Bhutan 9. Botswana 10. Brunei
1. Afghanistan 2. Albania 3. Algeria 4. American Samoa 5. Andorra 6. Angola 7. Argentina 8. Armenia 9. Aruba 10. Austria