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BIOSPHERE NASA © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS.

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Presentation on theme: "BIOSPHERE NASA © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS."— Presentation transcript:

1 BIOSPHERE NASA © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

2 Biosphere Atmosphere © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

3 Biosphere The part of the Earth where life is found
The parts where there is interaction between the living organisms and their non-living environment. © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

4 Solar radiation © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

5 Energy enters and leaves an ecosystem It is NOT recycled
ENERGY FLOW Energy enters and leaves an ecosystem It is NOT recycled © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

6 Organisms and energy Autotrophs Heterotrophs © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

7 Autotrophs Photoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

8 Heterotrophs Predators – carnivores Grazers – herbivores
Decomposers – saprotrophs, detritivores © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

9 Trophic levels Producers = autotrophs
1er consumers = herbivores (or decomposers) 2nd consumers = carnivores 3rt consumers = carnivores 4ry consumers = (top carnivores) © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

10 Trophic levels 1st level = producers = autotrophs
2nd level = 1er consumers = herbivores 3rd level = 2nd consumers = 1st carnivores 4th level = 3rt consumers = 2nd carnivores 5th level = 4ry consumers = top carnivores © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

11 Food chains Heron Small fish Mayfly larvae Algae
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

12 SUN LIGHT ENERGY 50% 5% 15% 21% Dust 3% Clouds 6% GROUND
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

13 Energy loss © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

14 In the leaf GP = Gross production NP = Net production NP = GP - R
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

15 Productivity © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

16 Energy loss in a food chain
users.rcn.com/.../BiologyPages/F/FoodChains.html. © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

17 Energy limits food chains
Food chains are finite Rarely more than 5 organisms long Energy only enters via the producers For terrestrial ecosystems, energy enters as sunlight Chemical energy flows up the food chain At each link in the chain energy is lost through respiration… as heat Or it is not consumed  decomposers. © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

18 Energy and consumers The loss at each trophic level of consumers is about 90% Only 10% passes to the next level This limits the length of the food chain. © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

19 Limitation of food chains
Simplified diagrams of energy flow Do not show the whole community So do not show interactions Many organisms feed at different trophic levels E.g. Omnivores Most have a varied diet at the same level. © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

20 Food webs © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

21 © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

22 Humans are part of a food web
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

23 © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

24 © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

25 Pyramids A quantitative approach to energy flow Pyramids of numbers
Pyramids of biomass Pyramids of energy © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

26 Pyramid of numbers At higher trophic levels the numbers of consumers gets smaller Less energy to support another level So there are a lot of producers and progressively less and less at higher trophic levels. © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

27 Upside down pyramids of numbers
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

28 Size is a problem Organisms with a high biomass can turn a pyramid of numbers upside down Answer: build a pyramid of biomass Biomass = the total mass of organic matter in organisms in an ecosystem. © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

29 Pyramid of biomass © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

30 Measuring biomass Area delimited and sampled
Standard area and sufficient sample size needed Organisms identified and sorted by trophic level Even underground structures/organisms needed It may be necessary to separate tissues from inorganic shells (e.g. molluscs) Tissues of organisms massed (weighed) = Fresh mass Tissues dried to constant mass (80-100°C) = Dry mass Removes water leaving organic matter Destructive sampling © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

31 Upside down pyramids of biomass
Trophic level Old field, Georgia / g m-2 English Channel Top carnivores 0.1 Herbivores 0.6 21 Producers 470.0 4 © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

32 Rate of production is a problem
As the life cycle of some organisms is faster their turn over is faster Sample at any one time and you find less of the organisms with a fast turn over (e.g. phytoplankton) Energy transfer needs to be measured over a whole growing season. © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

33 The pyramid of energy Cannot be turned upside down
Measured as the energy flow per unit area per unit time J m-2 y-1 © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

34 © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

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