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Feminism
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Key Dates Traditionally, poor people used desertion, and even the practice of selling wives in the market, as a substitute for divorce. [2] In Britain before 1857 wives were under the economic and legal control of their husbands, and divorce was almost impossible. Prime Minister David Lloyd George was clear about how important the women were: It would have been utterly impossible for us to have waged a successful war had it not been for the skill and ardour, enthusiasm and industry which the women of this country have thrown into the war. The militant suffragette movement was suspended during the war and never resumed. British society credited the new patriotic roles women played as earning them the vote in 1918.[
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Key Dates There was a relaxing of clothing restrictions; by 1920 there was negative talk about young women called "flappers" flaunting their sexuality. Women in Britain finally achieved suffrage on the same terms as men in 1928. 1950s Britain has traditionally been regarded as a bleak period for militant feminism. In the aftermath of World War II, a new emphasis was placed on companionate marriage and the nuclear family as a foundation of the new welfare state
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First wave Second wave Third wave
nineteenth century and early twentieth century. feminist movement beginning in the early 1960s and continuing to the present; as such, it coexists with third-wave feminism. In the early 1990s in the USA, third-wave feminism began as a response to perceived failures of the second wave focused on the promotion of equal contract, marriage, parenting, and property rights for women. By the end of the nineteenth century, activism focused primarily on gaining political power and recognition. largely concerned with issues of equality rather than suffrage, such as ending discrimination and sexism. seeks to challenge or avoid what it deems the second wave's essentialist definitions of femininity, which, they argue, over-emphasize the experiences of upper middle-class white women. In Britain the Suffragettes and the Suffragists campaigned for the women's vote, and in 1918 the Representation of the People Act was passed granting the vote to women over the age of 30 who owned houses. Second-wave feminists see women's cultural and political inequalities as inextricably linked and encourage women to understand aspects of their personal lives as deeply politicized and as reflecting sexist power structures. Third-wave theory usually incorporates elements of queer theory; anti-racism and women-of-colour consciousness; girl power; transgender politics, and a rejection of the gender binary. It is restructuring the no longer ‘male dominated society’.
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Kate Millett
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Kate Millett's book 'Sexual Politics' caused huge controversy when it was published in 1970 and, as a writer, she has been credited with the idea of making personal issues political. The book had seven print runs and sold 80,000 copies in its first year of publication.
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Millett Millet argues that "sex has a frequently neglected political aspect" and goes on to discuss the role that patriarchy plays in sexual relations, looking especially at the works of D. H. Lawrence, Henry Miller, and Norman Mailer. Millet argues that these authors view and discuss sex in a patriarchal and sexist way.
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Millett’s ideas/quotes
“Because of our social circumstances, male and female are really two cultures and their life experiences are utterly different.” “The great mass of women throughout history have been confined to the cultural level of animal life in providing the male with sexual outlet and exercising the animal functions of reproduction and care of the young.”
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Greer Australian academic and journalist, and a major feminist voice of the later 20th century. Greer's ideas have created controversy ever since her book The Female Eunuch became an international best-seller in 1970, turning her into a household name and bringing her both adulation and opposition.
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the nuclear family is a bad environment for women and for the raising of children; and that the manufacture of women's sexuality by Western society was demeaning and confining. Girls are feminised from childhood by being taught rules that subjugate them, she argued. Later, when women embrace the stereotypical version of adult femininity, they develop a sense of shame about their own bodies, and lose their natural and political autonomy. The result is powerlessness, isolation, a diminished sexuality, and a lack of joy:
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Greer has defined her goal as "women's liberation" as distinct from "equality with men". She asserts that women's liberation meant embracing gender differences in a positive fashion—a struggle for the freedom of women to define their own values, order their own priorities and determine their own fates. In contrast, Greer sees equality as mere assimilation and "settling" to live the lives of "unfree men“.
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Greer argued that women should get to know and come to accept their own bodies and give up celibacy and monogamy
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Naomi Wolf
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In the early 1990s, Wolf garnered international fame as a spokesperson of third-wave feminism as a result of the success of her first book The Beauty Myth, which became an international bestseller. In the book, she argues that "beauty" as a normative value is entirely socially constructed, and that the patriarchy determines the content of that construction with the goal of reproducing its own hegemony.
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Women punished by ‘beauty myth’
Wolf posits the idea of an "iron-maiden," an intrinsically unattainable standard that is then used to punish women physically and psychologically for their failure to achieve and conform to it. Wolf criticized the fashion and beauty industries as exploitative of women, but claimed the beauty myth extended into all areas of human functioning. Wolf writes that women should have "the choice to do whatever we want with our faces and bodies without being punished by an ideology that is using attitudes, economic pressure, and even legal judgments regarding women's appearance to undermine us psychologically and politically". Wolf argues that women were under assault by the "beauty myth" in five areas: work, religion, sex, violence, and hunger.
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