1. Why is it harmful to pee in the pool?
Simba the cat and Kendra the dog would really like to know!

2. Properties of solutions
Chapter 16.1
Learning Objectives:
Identify the factors that affect how fast a substance dissolves
Describe the equilibrium in a saturated solution
Describe the factors affecting the solubility of a substance

3. In your notes explain:
Granulated sugar dissolves faster than sugar cubes when placed in tea. Both granulated sugar and sugar cubes dissolve faster when you stir ice tea or place them in hot tea instead. Why is this?

4. Factors that affect how fast a substance dissolves
Agitation
Temperature
Particle size of the solute

5. Agitation
If solvent is stirred, the solute dissolves more quickly. Fresh solvent(water) is continuously brought into contact with the solutes(sugar) surface. Only affects the rate of a solid solute dissolving

6. Temperature Solutes dissolve faster in higher temperatures
Kinetic energy=solvent molecules moving faster
Faster motion of solvent particles = increase of force of collisions between solvent and solute surface.

7. Particle size of the solute
Smaller particles expose a greater surface area to solvent molecules
Ex: small particles in sugar show more surface area to the colliding water molecules
surface area exposed=faster rate of dissolving

8. What will not speed up the rate at which a solid solute dissolves?
Increasing the temperature
Stirring the mixture
Crushing the solute
Decreasing the temperature

9. What you think is happening in the figure?
Particles move from solid into the solution
Some dissolved particles move from the solution back to the solid
Processes occur at the same rate= no overall change in the system

10. Saturated Solutions are @ equilibrium
Solution is saturated
Saturated solution is the max amount of solute for an amount of solvent constant temp. and pressure)

11. Solubility
Amount of solute that dissolves in a certain amount of a specified temperature and pressure
Produces a saturated solution
Expressed as grams of solute
100 g of solvent

12. Unsaturated Solution contains less solute than a saturated solution @ a certain temp. and pressure
If more solute is added, solute will dissolve until solution is saturated
Unsaturated Solution Saturated Solution

13. Two liquids are miscible if dissolved in each other in ALL proportions/quantities
Two liquids are immiscible if they are insoluble in each other

14. Solubility affected by:
Temperature- solubility increases as the temperature of the solvent increases (in most cases)

15. Solubilities of Substances in Water at Various Temperatures
Interpret Data
Solubilities of Substances in Water at Various Temperatures
Solubility (g/100 g H2O)
Substance
Formula
0°C
20°C
50°C
100°C
Barium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2
1.67
31.89 —
Barium sulfate
BaSO4
Calcium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2
0.189
0.173
0.07
Potassium chlorate
KClO3
4.0
7.4
19.3
56.0
Potassium chloride
KCl
27.6
34.0
42.6
57.6
Sodium chloride
NaCl
35.7
36.0
37.0
39.2
Sodium nitrate
NaNO3 74
88.0
114.0
182
Aluminum chloride
AlCl3
30.84
31.03
31.60
33.32
Silver nitrate
AgNO3
122
222.0
455.0
733
Sucrose (table sugar)
C12H22O11
179
230.9
260.4
487
Hydrogen H2
0.0
Oxygen O2
0.0070
0.0043
0.0026
Carbon dioxide
CO2
0.335
0.169
0.076
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16. Solubility affected by:
Supersaturated solution has more solute than it theoretically a certain temperature

17. Crystallization of supersaturated solutions can be initiated by a small crystal, called a seed crystal of solute is added.
The solution is clear before a seed crystal is added.
Crystals begin to form immediately after the addition of a seed crystal.
Excess solute crystallizes rapidly.

18. Solubility is affect by:
2. Pressure- strongly influences solubility of gases (little effect on solid and liquid solubility)

19. Opening the bottle partial pressure of CO2 decreases
Carbonated drinks are under high pressure of CO2 gas, pushing a large amount of gas into the water.
Opening the bottle partial pressure of CO2 decreases
CO2 gas immediately escapes from the liquid

20. Henry’s Law
At any given temperature, Solubility (S) of a gas in a liquid is related to the pressure (P) above the liquid = S1 P1 S2 P2
S P

21. If the solubility of a gas in water is 0. 77 g/L at 3
If the solubility of a gas in water is 0.77 g/L at 3.5 atm, what is the solubility (in g/L) at 1.0 atm? Temperature is held constant.

22. Solubility curves

23. What doe the graphs mean?
Each line shows how much solute can be dissolved in 100 mL of H2O different temperatures.
Why at different temps?
Hotter water is better at dissolving solute. Hot water dissolves a solute faster, but it can also dissolve A GREATER MASS OF SOLUTE, in the same amount of water.

24. Each solubility curve represents SATURATED SOLUTIONS at a given temperature
Solubility above the curve means solution is SUPERSATURATAED
Solubility below the curve means solution is UNSATURATED

25. What happens to the solubility of KNO3 as the temperature increases?
What substance shows least change in solubility as temperature increases?
If NaCl was added to a saturated solution of NaCl at 20°C and warmed to the mixture of 40°C. What happens to the added NaCl?