1. Introduction to Linguistics
Ms. Suha Jawabreh
Lecture # 4

2. Review
1. What is Phonetics? 2. Why do we need to study Phonetics? 3. What is the vocal tract? 4. Sounds are classified into two groups. What are they? 5. What are the three things consonant sounds are described by? 6. What is voicing? 7. What is the difference between voiced and voiceless consonants? Give examples.

4. The Organs of Speech

5. The Larynx and the Vocal Folds

6. Place of Articulation
-Place of Articulation is the location at which two speech organs approach or come together in producing a speech sound.

7. 1. Bilabials : These are sounds formed using both (= bi) upper and lower lips (= labia) -The initial sounds in the words: bat , pat , map , and walk are all bilabials. -These sounds are represented by the symbols : [b] , [p] , [m], [w]. 2. labiodentals: These are sounds formed with the upper teeth and the lower lip. -The initial sounds of the words fat , vat are labiodentals. -These sounds are represented by the symbols: [f], [v].

8. 3. Dentals: These sounds are formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth.
- The initial sounds in the words: three and then are dentals.
-These sounds are represented by the symbols: [θ], [ð].
4. Alveolars: These sounds are formed with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge.
The initial sounds in the words : top, dip, sit , zoo, nut, lap and rip.
- These sounds are represented by the symbols: [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [r].

9. 5. Alveo-palatals: These sounds are produced with the tongue at the very front of the palate, near the alveolar ridge. - The initial sounds in the words: ship, chip, gem, and the middle consonant sound in words like pleasure are alveo-palatal. - These sounds are represented by the symbols: [ʃ], [tʃ], [ʒ], [dʒ].

10. 6. Velars: These sounds are produced with the back of the tongue against the velum ( the soft palate) . - The initial sounds in the words: kid, gig and the middle consonant sound in words like English are velars. - These sounds are represented by the symbols: [k], [g], [ŋ].

11. 7. Glottals: There is one sound that is produced without the active use of the tongue and other parts of the mouth. It is the sound [h]. - The sound [h] is produced with the air passing through the opening between the separated vocal folds. This opening is called the glottis. - The sound [ h] occurs at the beginning of words like house and have.