1. Radio Frequency IDentification1
Radio Frequency IDentification
By,
Arka Jyoti Das
Khushboo Bothra
CSE,4th year

2. 2
Rfid-What is it?
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders.
RFID (radio frequency identification) is a technology that incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency (RF) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal, or person.
An alternative to bar code.
RFID is also called dedicated short range communication (DSRC).

3. History of RFID Invented in 1948 by Harry Stockman.3
History of RFID
Invented in 1948 by Harry Stockman.
Initial application was during World War II-The United Kingdom used RFID devices to distinguish returning English airplanes from inbound German ones. RADAR was only able to signal the presence of a plane, not the kind of plane it was..
Came into commercial use only in 1990s.

4. 4
Components of RFID
An RFID tag is an object that can be stuck on or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification using radio waves .
Tags ( Chip + Antenna + Substrate ).
-Tag types
-Active.
-Passive.
-Read only.
-Write only .
-Frequency at which these tags are used
-Between 125 to 134 kilohertz.
-At megahertz.
-Between 868 to 956 megahertz.
-At 2.45 gigahertz.

5. Components of RFID(cont’d)5
Components of RFID(cont’d)

6. Passive RFID Tags Tag contains an antenna, and a small chip
that stores a small amount of data
Tag can be programmed at manufacture
or on installation
Tag is powered by the high power electromagnetic field generated by the antennas – usually in doorways
The field allows the chip/antenna to reflect back an extremely weak signal containing the data.
Collision Detection – recognition of multiple tags in the read range – is employed to separately read the individual tags

7. Active RFID Tags Battery Powered tags Have much greater range – 100m
Hold much more information – Kbytes
Can integrate sensing technology
Temperature, GPS
Can signal at defined time
Multiple tags can be recorded at once
Used for higher value items
Shipping containers
Babies
Electronic assets
Cost between $20 and $40 per item
Life between 2 – 4 years

8. Components of RFID(cont’d)8
Components of RFID(cont’d)
Active RFID
Passive RFID
Tag Power Source
Internal to tag
Energy transferred using RF from reader
Tag Battery
Yes No
Availability of power
Continuous
Only in field of reader
Required signal strength to Tag
Very Low
Very High
Range
Up to 100m
Up to 3-5m, usually less
Multi-tag reading
1000’s of tags recognized – up to 100mph
Few hundred within 3m of reader
Data Storage
Up to 128Kb or read/write with sophisticated search and access
128 bytes of read/write

9. Components of RFID(cont’d)
Interrogator (Antenna + Reader ) : Interrogator are used to read the tags & in certain cases even remotely writes to the tag.
Middleware: Middleware is the needed interface between the existing company databases & information management software.
Middleware provides a range of functions:
-Data filtering
-System monitoring
-Multiple reader co-ordination.
Business application software: used to manage the collected data.

10. Electronic product code-EPC
Each tag contains a unique code that facilitating the identification process & is known as EPC.
E.g (96 bits)
Header – defines version of EPC(8 bits)
EPC Manager – describes originator of EPC (Product manufacturer) (28 bits)
Object Class - Could describe the product type (24 Bits)
Serial Number – Unique ID for that product item (36 Bits)

11. System overview

12. RFID Vs Bar Code RFID Barcode Forging is difficult Forging is easy
Scanner not required. No need to bring the tag near the reader
Scanner needs to see the bar code to read it
RFID is comparatively fast
Can read multiple tags
Can read only one tag at a time
Relatively expensive as compared to Bar Codes
(Reader 1000$, Tag 20 cents a piece)
Can be reusable within factory premises
Cannot be reused

13. Benefits of RFID Benefits to retailers, manufactures etc
Reduced on-hand inventory and less use of “safety stock”.
Increased sales through reduced out-of- stocks.
Increased stock visibility and availability.
Reduced transportation cost and shipping volumes.
More accurate forecasts and stock replenishment.
Reduced shrink and theft in the supply chain.
Benefits to customers
Better in-stock - product on the shelf when you want it
Improved Product Selection
Product Freshness for Dated Goods
Easier Identification on Recalls

16. Issues / Concerns Cost of RFID technology.
Active RFID life – 2 to 4 years.
Privacy concerns-surreptitious consumer surveillance.
Extreme weather.
Security concerns-illicit tracking of RFID tags.
Global standardization.
Environmental concern- recycling.
RFID systems are vulnerable to virus.

17. Uses of RFID Large Retail companies – Product Tracking.
Used where unique identification is needed
Hospitals & Nursing Homes – Patient Tagging .
Airports – Baggage Tracking.
Security Applications – Contactless Smart Cards.
RFID Readers could also WRITE onto Tags.
RFID Sensors to sense temperature, movement, radiation, food quality.
Passports-UK, Australia, Finland, Ireland.
RFID is used in Libraries.
Replacing Barcodes.

19. Initiatives in RFID
Patni Computer Systems Lab – Implemented Animal Tracking System
Wipro Technologies - Member of the Electronic Product Code (EPC)
- Setting up a lab to study RFID
- Working on pilot projects
Infosys Technologies – RFID consulting on logistics player in the RFID space.
TCS have tied up with Hyderabad university to produce RFID tagged mark sheets & degrees to deter use of fake degree.
Intellicon - pilot project for BEL Bangalore, tags installed on employee buses. Buses inside the BEL campus were tracked with the aim of gauging employee punctuality.

20. ANY ?

21. THANK YOU