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Biochemistry The chemicals of LIFE
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Essential Elements: CHON
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen make up 98% of all living material. C HOPKINS CaFe Mg NaCl Make up 99% of all living substances
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Polar vs. Ionized: Molecules can have ends that contain charges without gaining or losing electrons Polar molecules exist because atoms share electrons unevenly based on electronegativity Ionic compounds will gain or lose electrons leaving different parts of their molecules with different charges.
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4 Types of Macromolecules:
Definition: huge molecules consisting of thousands of smaller molecules. Proteins: thousands of amino acids Carbohydrates: thousands of monsaccharides Lipids: 3 fatty acids + glycerol Nucleic Acids: nucleotides Polymer: chain of repeating units. Built through a dehydration synthesis reaction that removes a water to add a bonding site. Broken down through hydrolysis reactions by adding water.
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Carbohydrates: Always contain H,C,O H:O Ratio is 2:1 Uses:
C6H12O6 C12H22O11 C18H32O16 Uses: Energy: main energy source within the cell Building blocks for all amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleic acids
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Examples of Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides: immediate energy Glucose Galactose Fructose Disaccharides : Sucrose lactose Polysaccharides: large storage molecules Glycogen Amylose Cellulose Chitin
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Lipids: Always contain C, H, O but much less O than carbohydrates
Fatty acid/glycerol polymer 84 fatty acids in humans Found in fat, wax, and oil
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Lipids Cont’d Above: saturated and unsaturated fat molecules
Right: the structure of a normal unsaturated fat and a trans unsaturated fats
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Lipids Cont’d: Phospholipids: make up the bi-layer of a cell membrane. Consist of polar heads and non-polar tails. Steroids: hormones Cholesterol: acts as a cement to hold the lipid bi-layer together
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Proteins: Always contain C, H, O, N An amino acid polymer
Interactions between amino acids and hydrogen bonds give proteins their shape Uses: Enzymes, Hormones, Hemoglobin, and Cellular Proteins
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Nucleic Acids: Nucleotide polymer DNA: deoxyribose sugar with ATCG
Determine genetic traits RNA: ribose sugar with AUCG Carry important genetic information
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