1. i.e. Intro to Organic Chemistry (Unit 3: Biochemistry)
Macromolecules
i.e. Intro to Organic Chemistry (Unit 3: Biochemistry)

2. Organic Chemistry = Carbon
How many electrons in it’s outer shell? (valence electrons)
So how many bonds can it form (and what kind)?
Great versatility
Chains
Rings
Single, Double, Triple bonds
Well at least the study of carbon compounds

3. Macromolecules “Large” molecules formed from many smaller molecules
One “unit” is called a monomer
Monomers joined together to make polymers (polymerization)
Hundreds, thousands, hundreds of thousands

4. Types of macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

5. Carbohydrates Carbon : Hydrogen : Oxygen ratio of 1 : 2 : 1
Used for energy, but also structural purposes
Complex carbohydrates stored as starches
Monosaccharides – simple sugars
Glucose, galactose (milk), fructose (fruits)
So then what are polysaccharides?
Example: glycogen (animal starch)
Plants use cellulose – tough and flexible for structure!
Cellular respiration – stay tuned!
When your blood glucose runs low, glycogen is released!

6. Types of macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

7. Lipids Include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids
Mostly carbon and hydrogen – NOT soluble in water
Very important part of cell membranes
Most are formed when a glycerol is joined to a fatty acid
Saturated v. unsaturated
Steroids – chemical messengers
Saturated – maximum number of hydrogen molecules!

8. Types of macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

9. Nucleic Acids DNA, RNA - SO MUCH MORE to come later in the year
Store and transmit
genetic information
Monomer = nucleotides
Sugar (different in DNA
v. RNA)
Phosphate
Nitrogenous base –
ATCG(U)

10. Types of macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

11. Proteins Monomer = amino acids! Central Dogma: DNA » RNA » Protein
Amino group
Carboxyl group
R group – determines the amino acid!
Uniformity allows them to (peptide) bond, forming a protein!
Central Dogma: DNA » RNA » Protein
Each protein has a specific role (enzymes)

12. Protein Levels of Organization
Primary – sequence of amino acids
Secondary – sequence forms helix shape or folded sheet
Tertiary – helices or sheets combine to form a bundle
Quaternary – multiple bundles are grouped together

14. Biochemistry – Addendums
Things that you should probably know for the test…

15. Energy Cellular respiration produces ATP—a temporary form of energy
Photosynthesis produces glucose!
What pigments in plants absorb
light?
Unrelated: what is H+ ion
concentration related to?
Hydrophobic – water hating (phospholipid membranes)
Chlorophylls, Xenophylls, Caratenoids, Anthrocyanins