1. Chapter 3
Matter

2. Characteristics of the substance under observation
Properties
Characteristics of the substance under observation
Properties can be either
directly observable or
the manner something interacts with other substances in the universe
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3. Matter is the part of the universe that has mass and volume
Universe Classified
Matter is the part of the universe that has mass and volume
Energy is the part of the universe that has the ability to do work
Chemistry is the study of matter
The properties of different types of matter
The way matter behaves when influenced by other matter and/or energy
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4. Anything occupying space and having mass.
Matter
Anything occupying space and having mass.
Matter exists in three states.
Solid
Liquid
Gas
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5. The Three States of Water
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6. Has a fixed volume and shape. Examples: Ice cube, diamond, iron bar
Solid
Rigid.
Has a fixed volume and shape.
Examples:
Ice cube, diamond, iron bar
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7. Assumes shape of container. Examples: Gasoline, water, alcohol, blood
Liquid
Has a definite volume.
Assumes shape of container.
Examples:
Gasoline, water, alcohol, blood
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8. Liquid Water Takes the Shape of Its Container
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9. Has no fixed volume or shape.
Gas
Has no fixed volume or shape.
Takes the shape and volume of its container.
Examples:
Air, helium, oxygen
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10. melting point, and boiling point
Physical Properties
Characteristics that are directly observable and unique to a substance.
Characteristics of matter that can be changed without changing its composition
Examples:
Odor, color, volume,
state (s, l, or g), density,
melting point, and boiling point
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11. A substance’s ability to form new substances.
Chemical Properties
A substance’s ability to form new substances.
The characteristics that determine how the composition of matter changes as a result of contact with other matter or the influence of energy.
Characteristics that describe the behavior of matter.
Examples:
Flammability, rusting of steel, and the digestion of food
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12. Ethyl alcohol boiling at 78°C Hardness of a diamond
Concept Check
Classify each of the following as a physical or chemical property.
Ethyl alcohol boiling at 78°C
Hardness of a diamond
Sugar fermenting to form ethyl alcohol
physical
chemical
Ethyl alcohol boiling at 78°C
Physical property: boiling point is associated with a phase change. It describes an inherent characteristic of alcohol.
Hardness of a diamond.
Physical property: describes an inherent characteristic of diamond – hardness.
Sugar fermenting to form ethyl alcohol.
Chemical property: describes behavior of sugar – forming a new substance (ethyl alcohol) through a chemical reaction.
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13. Boiling or freezing water
Physical Change
Change in one or more physical properties of a substance, not in its chemical composition.
Characteristics of matter that can be changed without changing its composition
Example:
Boiling or freezing water
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14. In all three phases, water molecules are still intact.
Three States of Water
In all three phases, water molecules are still intact.
Motions of molecules and the distances between them change.
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15. Chemical Change
A given substance becomes a new substance or substances with different properties and different composition.
Produce a new substance
Chemical reaction
Reactants  Products
Example:
Bunsen burner (methane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water)
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16. Electrolysis of Water
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17. Water decomposes to hydrogen and oxygen gases.
Electrolysis of Water
Water decomposes to hydrogen and oxygen gases.
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18. Pulverizing (crushing) rock salt Burning of wood
Concept Check
Which of the following are examples of a chemical change?
Pulverizing (crushing) rock salt
Burning of wood
Dissolving of sugar in water
Melting a popsicle on a warm summer day
1 (burning of wood)
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19. Sugar fermenting to form ethyl alcohol Iron metal melting
Concept Check
Classify each of the following as a physical or chemical change.
Sugar fermenting to form ethyl alcohol
Iron metal melting
Iron combining with oxygen to form rust
chemical
physical
Sugar fermenting to form ethyl alcohol.
Chemical change: describes how sugar forms a new substance (ethyl alcohol) via a chemical reaction.
Iron metal melting.
Physical change: describes a state change, but the material is still iron.
Iron combining with oxygen to form rust.
Chemical change: describes how iron and oxygen react to make a new substance, rust.
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20. Iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen (H2)
Element
A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical methods.
Examples:
Iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen (H2)
All of the matter in the world around us contains elements.
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21. Water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), table sugar (C12H22O11)
Compound
A substance composed of a given combination of elements that can be broken down into those elements by chemical methods.
Examples:
Water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), table sugar (C12H22O11)
A compound always contains atoms of different elements.
A compound always has the same composition (same combination of atoms).
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22. How many of the following are compounds? H2O, N2O4, NaOH, MnO2, HF
Concept Check
How many of the following are compounds?
H2O, N2O4, NaOH, MnO2, HF
Five – All of the substances are compounds.
Five – All of the substances are compounds. Compounds always contain atoms of different elements.
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23. Always have the same composition. Either elements or compounds.
Pure Substances
Always have the same composition.
Either elements or compounds.
Examples:
Pure water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen (H2), gold (Au)
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24. Have variable composition. Examples Wood, wine, coffee
Mixtures
Have variable composition.
Examples
Wood, wine, coffee
Can be separated into pure substances: elements and/or compounds.
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25. Consists of visibly indistinguishable parts. A solution.
Homogeneous Mixture
Same throughout.
Consists of visibly indistinguishable parts.
A solution.
Does not vary in composition from one region to another.
Figure 3.4: When table salt is stirred into water (left), a homogeneous mixture called a solution forms (right).
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26. Homogeneous Mixture – Examples
Air around you
Brass
Table salt stirred into water
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27. Heterogeneous Mixture
Consists of visibly distinguishable parts.
Contains regions that have different properties from those of other regions.
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28. Heterogeneous Mixture – Examples
Oil and vinegar dressing
Sand stirred into water
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29. Pure water Gasoline Jar of jelly beans Soil Copper metal Concept Check
Which of the following is a homogeneous mixture?
Pure water
Gasoline
Jar of jelly beans
Soil
Copper metal
gasoline
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30. All mixtures are made of pure substances
All samples have the same physical and chemical properties
Constant Composition  all samples have the same composition
Homogeneous
Separate into components based on chemical properties
Mixtures
Different samples may show different properties
Variable composition
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous
Separate into components based on physical properties
All mixtures are made of pure substances
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31. Classification of Matter
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32. Different Physical Property
Mixtures can be separated based on different physical properties of the components.
Evaporation
Volatility
Chromatography
Adherence to a surface
Filtration
State of matter
(solid/liquid/gas)
Distillation
Boiling point
Technique
Different Physical Property
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33. Distillation of a Solution Consisting of Salt Dissolved in Water
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34. No chemical change occurs when salt water is distilled.
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35. Separates a liquid from a solid.
Filtration
Separates a liquid from a solid.
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36. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

37. The Organization of Matter
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