1. World War I and the Russian Revolution (1914–1924)
Lesson 3 World War I Ends

2. World War I and the Russian Revolution (1914–1924)
Lesson 3 World War I Ends
Learning Objectives
Describe how World War I became a total war.
Explain how U.S. entry into the war led to an Allied victory.
List the effects of World War I in terms of financial costs, high casualty rates, and political impact.
Describe the issues at the Paris Peace Conference and the impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
Summarize the terms and impact of the Treaty of Versailles.

3. World War I and the Russian Revolution (1914–1924)
Lesson 3 World War I Ends
Key Terms
total war.
conscription,
contraband,
Lusitania
Propaganda
atrocities,
Fourteen Points,
self-determination,
armistice,
pandemic
reparations,
radicals,
collective security,
mandates,

4. Governments Direct Total War
By 1917, European societies were cracking under the strain of war. Casualties on the fronts and shortages at home sapped morale. The stalemate dragged on, seemingly without end. Soon, however, the departure of one country from the war and the entry of another would tip the balance and end the stalemate.

5. Governments Direct Total War
Recruiting and Supplying Huge Armies
Total War- using nations entire resources to support the war
Not enough recruits
Conscription- the draft
Food rationing
Blockades and Submarines Impact Economies
GB squeezed Germany with Blockade
Germany tried to Blockade GB with U-boats
Stop contraband-
Unrestricted sub warfare- attack all ships going to GB
Lusitania
The Propaganda War
Need to get people to buy in to your world view
Propaganda
German atrocities
Women Contribute to the War Effort
Nurses
Worked in factories

6. Governments Direct Total War
When Britain declared war against Germany in August 1914, men rushed to sign up for military service. Here, crowds of hopeful enlistees wait outside a recruiting station in London.

7. Morale Breaks Down
Despite inspiring propaganda, by 1917 the morale of troops and civilians had plunged. Germany was sending 15-year-old recruits to the front, and Britain was on the brink of bankruptcy.

8. Morale Breaks Down
War-Weary Civilians and Soldiers
The horrible casualties changed the way people felt about war
Morale drops
Revolution in Russia
Bread riots break out in Moscow
March Revolution- brought down the Czar- Romanovs
New government stayed in war- dumb
October Revolution- led by V.I. Lenin
Overthrew govt, set up communist regime
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- made peace with Germany
Now Germany could send troops to West and tip the scale

9. Morale Breaks Down
Soldiers ate, slept, fought and died in the trenches. As the war dragged on and casualties mounted, morale was severely tested.

10. The United States Enters the War
Soon after the Russian Revolution began, another event altered the balance of forces. The United States declared war on Germany. Many factors contributed to the decision of the United States to exchange neutrality for war in 1917.

11. The United States Enters the War
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
1917- started unrestricted sub warfare again
US sympathized with GB and France- democracy=yay
Some did favor Central powers
Germans
Irish
Anti-German Sentiment Grows
Zimmerman Note-
Wilson Asks for a “War to End War”
Russian became democracy- briefly
April Wilson asks for war
Make world safe for democracy
US supplied all the allies
Fresh Doughboys show up just as more German troops reach Western front
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Wilson’s pan for peach
Self-determination

12. The United States Enters the War
Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in Here, President Wilson reads a German message and ponders what to do. Analyze Political Cartoons What does the overflowing waste basket suggest?

13. The United States Enters the War
Analyze Information Which of Wilson’s Fourteen Points deal with countries having free access to international commerce? Why did Wilson consider this so important?

14. The Great War Ends
A final showdown on the Western Front began in early The Germans badly wanted to achieve a major victory before eager American troops arrived in Europe.

15. The Great War Ends Final Offensives
Spring Offensive Germans threw everything they had left
Gained 40 miles
Americans joined the battle and drove Germans back
Generals tell Kaiser, we can’t win
Germany Asks for Peace
November- Kaiser William II abdicates
AH empire falls apart
Ottomans ask for peace, empire falls apart
New German govt signs armistice November 11 at 11am
The Human Toll
8.5 million killed in battle
6 million civilians
Many maimed and injured
Pandemic- Spanish Flu- kills another 20 million
The Economic Toll
Countries in ruin
Reparations
The Political Toll
Many governments crumble

16. The Great War Ends
A London crowd celebrates the end of the Great War. Similar scenes occurred in the United States and other Allied countries.

17. The Great War Ends
World War I ended in 1918, but its human and economic costs would be felt for decades. Many nations had thrown all their resources into the fight, and their losses were staggering.

18. Making the Peace
Just weeks after the war ended, President Wilson boarded a steamship bound for France. He had decided to go in person to Paris, where Allied leaders would make the peace. Wilson was certain that he could bring a “just peace” to the world. “Tell me what is right,” Wilson urged his advisors, “and I’ll fight for it.”

19. Making the Peace Allies Have Conflicting Goals US wanted lasting peace
France wanted Revenge
Others allies wanted territory
US wanted “Peace without victors”
Big Three
Wilson-
David Lloyd George
Georges Clemenceau
Obstacles to Settlement
Vittorio Orlando
Self Determination-
Collective security- League of Nations
The Treaty of Versailles
June 1919
Blamed Germany- pay 400 billion in reparations
Limited size of their military
Took territory and all colonies
Germany would want revenge- stab in back-

20. Making the Peace
Delegates gathered in Paris in 1919 to discuss peace terms. The treaty between the Allies and Germany was signed in June in the Hall of Mirrors, shown here, at the palace of Versailles.

21. Effects of the Peace Settlements
The Allies drew up separate treaties with the other Central Powers. These treaties redrew the map of Eastern Europe and affected colonial peoples around the globe. Like the Treaty of Versailles, these treaties left widespread dissatisfaction.

22. Effects of the Peace Settlements
New Nations in Europe
Poland
Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia
Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary
The Mandate System
Set up Mandates in Ottoman territories and other territories
Many colonies upset, expected independence
Widespread Discontent
Germany ticked
Colonies ticked
Russia ticked
Italy ticked
US- doesn’t even sign treaty, made separate treaty with Germany
The League of Nations
One of few of Wilson’s points treaty actually listened to
US did not even join

23. Effects of the Peace Settlements
Analyze Maps Based on this map and the text, why were many Germans unhappy with the territorial changes that occurred after World War I?

24. Effects of the Peace Settlements
Delegates attend the first meeting of the League of Nations on December 4, 1920, in the Hall of Reformation in Geneva, Switzerland.

25. Quiz: Governments Direct Total War
Which of the following examples is a characteristic of total war?
A. The press is censored to control public opinion.
B. A stalemate bogs down the war for an extended time.
C. Factories scale back on production to save energy for the war effort.
D. Governments loosen economic controls.

26. Quiz: Morale Breaks Down
What is the meaning of Siegfried Sassoon’s poem in this reading?
A. It’s important for the citizens at home to support the troops as they leave for battle.
B. Cheering is one way that people can help boost troop morale.
C. It’s easy to cheer for young troops and not think of the horrors they will face .
D. A good soldier understands that war is the time to put his youth behind him.

27. Quiz: The United States Enters the War
Which of the following is a key goal of Wilson’s Fourteen Points?
A. establishing spheres of influence
B. supporting free trade
C. maintaining isolation
D. honoring secret treaties

28. Quiz: The Great War Ends
Why did Germany ask the Allies for an armistice in November 1918?
A. Germany was exhausted and could not hold out against fresh troops from the United States.
B. Germany wanted to direct all of its resources on the Eastern front against Russia.
C. The Allies had assured Germany that a peace settlement would favor Germany.
D. Germany agreed to an armistice only until war could be resumed.

29. Quiz: Making the Peace
How did the Treaty of Versailles create a climate that might cause another war in Europe?
A. The Central Powers and Russia were secretly planning to disrupt the peace talks.
B. Germany was forced to accept harsh treaty terms and might use force to undo the treaty or seek revenge.
C. The Allies held Russia in contempt for negotiating its own peace with Germany and might seek war to punish Russia.
D. France was dissatisfied with the terms of the treaty and might go to war against the Central Powers to win better terms.

30. Quiz: Effects of the Peace Settlements
Which of the following was a violation of Wilson’s Fourteen Points?
A. formation of the League of Nations
B. establishment of the mandate system
C. creation of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia
D. end of European imperialism