1. Unit 2 – Motivation, Emotion and Stress
Objective:
Define motivation as psychologists use the term, and identify the perspectives useful for studying motivated behavior.

2. Fact or Fiction
T F 1. Scientists have identified the 10 key human instincts, including smiling, talking, and blinking.
False
T F 2. People perform better under high levels of stress rather than moderate or low levels of stress.
T F 3. Our bodies strive to maintain balance with physical functions such as temperature, heart rate, and breathing.
True
T F 4. In order for us to be self-fulfilled, we must satisfy our more basic needs of hunger and safety.
True

3. Motivation: a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Basic needs must be met first

4. PURPOSE IN LIFE TEST
Instructions: Write the number (1 to 5) next to each statement that is most true for you right now.

5. Motivational Concepts
Humans - Sucking
Salmon - Spawning
Humans - Rooting
Reflexes
Food
Sex
Complex behavior must have a fixed pattern throughout a species, are unlearned, and triggered by an environmental stimulus.
Survival
Reproduction
Shelter
Instincts
What are the similarities between a reflex and an instinct?
Motivational Concepts
Instincts

6. Motivational Concepts
Intrinsic Motivation
Incentives
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
Extrinsic Motivation
A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
A desire to perform a behavior to receive rewards or avoud threatened punishment

7. Drive Reduction Theory
Physiological Need
Increased Arousal
Drive to reduce arousal
Need is met by certain behaviors… Eating, Drinking, Sex
Return to Homeostasis
Drive Reduction Theory
As physiological need increases, drive to meet the need increases.
Homeostasis: the maintenance of a steady internal state.

8. Dysfunctional Thought Cycle
Trigger Phase
Build Up
Fantasy Planning
Acting Out
Remorse or Deal Making
Emotional Difficulties
Thinking Errors
Low Self-Esteem
Denial
Pretend to be Normal
Promises to be Better
Feeling Clever
Justify
Minimize
Build Up of Anxiety
Isolating Behaviors
Harming Self
Others
Justifying Minimizing

9. With a person sitting next to you:
Describe the components of your dysfunctional thought cycle
2) What do you do to intervene before acting out?

10. Work and Family Orientation Questionnaire
The scale distinguishes three facets of intrinsic motivation:
• the work factor, representing “the desire to work hard and to do a good job”
• the mastery factor, reflecting “a preference for difficult, challenging tasks and for meeting internally prescribed standards of performance excellence”
• the competitiveness factor, consisting of “the enjoyment of interpersonal competition and the desire to win”

11. Yerkes-Dodson Law

14. a. Extrinsic motivation b. Arousal theory (Yerkes-Dodson Law)
Define each of the following concepts and state how each might either positively or negatively change student behavior under such a system.
a. Extrinsic motivation
b. Arousal theory (Yerkes-Dodson Law)
1. Definition Points:
a. Good definitions are those that don’t repeat the terms from the question in the definition.
b. In the absence of a definition, a robust example can be used to earn a point.
2. Application Points:
a. The question asks for a change in a student behavior. However, if the answer provides a rationale for how removing grades would break the cycle of an existing system, the maintenance of behavior is acceptable.
b. Acceptable behaviors are those that can be observed and measured, typically related to academic performance. Acceptable terms include studying, working, learning, succeeding academically, and becoming a better or worse student. Changes in predispositions to behave are not sufficient (e.g., “removing grades would make students feel like not studying”).
c. Definition and application points are independent. Application points may be awarded without a complete definition of the concept.

15. Motivational Systems – hunger, sex, and social
Fact or Falsehood?
Read each statement and decide whether you believe it is true or false.
T F 1. Hunger is controlled by how full the stomach is.
T F 2. The body views dieting as starvation and triggers hunger sensations so the person will eat to gain weight back.
T F 3. Some people simply eat when in the presence of food and not when they are hungry.
T F 4. Studies have shown that different cultures around the world tend to view obesity with a similar disapproval.
T F 5. In hot climates, recipes often include several spices that inhibit the growth of bacteria that can spoil food.

16. Physiology of Hunger Hypothalamus – Controls Hunger
a. Lateral Hypothalamus * stimulates hunger
b. Ventromedial Hypothalamus – * restricts hunger
c. Regulates Set Point (Set Point Theory)
optimal weight
*Metabolic Rate – How quickly the body burns energy

17. Appetite Hormones
Insulin: Hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose.
Ghrelin: Hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends “ I am hungry” signals to the brain.
Orexin: Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by Hypothalamus.
Leptin: Protein Hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger.
PYY: digestive tract hormone; sends “I am not hungry” signals to the brain.

18. Psychology of Hunger
External Factors – Attractiveness and Availability
1) Eating with Others
2) Portion sizes
3) Variations (Desert Buffet)
Internal Factors – Stomach feels empty or you hear grumbling
1) Boredom
2) Stress/Anxiety

19. Physiology of Obesity –
Fat: a high- calorie fuel reserve to carry the body through periods when food is scarce.
Negative Consequences of Obesity:
risk of diabetes,
high blood pressure,
heart disease,
4) gallstones,
5) Arthritis
6) Increased Health Care Costs

20. Calculate your own BMI
BMI Calculator

21. Sexual Motivation
Physiology
Masters & Johnson (1966)

22. Stage 2 - plateau phase - excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue
to increase

23. Stage 3: Release Stage - muscle contractions all over the body during orgasm; these were accompanied by further increases in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates.
Stage 4: Resolution Stage
Refractory Period –
Men - last from a few minutes to a day or more, during which he is incapable of another orgasm.
Women - shorter refractory period may enable her to have more orgasms if restimulated during or soon after resolution.

24. Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias
Paraphilias such as exhibitionism, fetishism, and pedophilia, do experience sexual arousal, but they direct it in unusual ways.
The American Psychiatric Association (2013) only classifies such behavior as disordered if:
• a person experiences distress from their unusual sexual interest or
• the sexual desire or behavior entails harm or risk of harm to others.

25. The Psychology of Sex

26. External Stimulus: Pornography
Internal Stimulus: Imagination

27. 1. Describe one influence on sexual motivation from each of the following categories:
• Biological
• Psychological
• Social-cultural
2. Name and briefly describe the four stages of the sexual response cycle identified by Masters and Johnson.

28. Answer to Practice FRQ 1
1 point: Biological: hormones, sexual orientation.
1 point: Psychological: exposure to sexually stimulating material, fantasizing.
1 point: Social-cultural: religious and personal values, media.
Answer to Practice FRQ 2
1 point: Excitement, where physical changes occur to ready the body for sexual activity.
1 point: Plateau, where sexual excitement is at a peak.
1 point: Orgasm, characterized by sexual release and muscle contractions throughout the body.
1 point: Resolution, where the body returns to normal.