1. Introduction to Geology and Formation Evaluation
SMKN 2 DEPOK
JURUSAN GEOLOGI PERTAMBANGAN
2009

2. Agenda
Introduction
Geology
Stratigraphy
Rocks and Minerals
Igneous Rock
Sedimentary Rock
Metamorphic Rock
Exercise – 1a
Break : 30
Plate Tectonic Concept
Structural Geology
Exercise – 1b
Sequence Stratigraphy
Exercise – 1c

3. Basic Petroleum Geology
The Nature of Hydrocarbon
Habitat of Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon Occurrence
Reservoir Rocks
Hydrocarbon Traps
Exercise-2a
Break : 00
Basic Skills
Cross Sections
Surface and Subsurface Mapping
Exercise-2a, 2b

4. Geology
Geo means Earth
Greek’s mythology : gaea

5. Geology Physical Geology
rocks, minerals, tectonics, economic geology, engineering geology, etc
Historical Geology
paleontology
stratigraphy
dating,
other paleo~ studies
physics
chem
bio
math
geo

8. Stratigraphy

9. Stratigraphy
Steno’s Law
Walther’s Law

11. Dating                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

12. Stratigraphy

14. Rocks and Minerals
Rocks are made of minerals. Only a few minerals are rock forming and most rock is made from a combination of the commonest of these such as feldspars, quartz, mica, olivine, calcite, pyroxene and amphiboles. Most other minerals, of which there are over 3000 different types, are rarely present in quantities large enough to be considered rock forming.
   
                                          
                     
                 
                  
   
          

18. Rocks
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks

19. Igneous rocks form when molten rock cools and solidifies (crystallizes). Molten rock trapped underground is called magma. Molten rock erupted at Earth's surface is referred to as lava. The pictures below illustrate the significant textures and compositions that enable geologists and geology students to classify igneous rocks. For convenience of presentation the igneous rocks are divided into intrusive rocks (or plutonic rocks) which form underground, and extrusive rocks (or volcanic rocks) which form at Earth's surface.

24. Igneous Rock Classificiation
Three basic factors:
A. Grain Size and Texture
Vitreous - glassy, no crystals
Aphanitic - fine grained < 2mm crystals
Phaneritic - coase grained > 2mm crystals
Pegmatitic - very coase grained > 10mm crystals
Vesicular - voids or holes created by gases
Amigdaloidal - filled voids created by gases
Porphyritic - some large crystals (phenocrysts)in fine matrix
B. Intrusive or Extrusive
Intrusive Igneous Rocks - usually medium to coarse grained texture due to slow cooling. Typically light colored.
Extusive Igneous Rocks - glassy or fine-grained due to rapid cooling. May have voids due to gases escaping from the magma. Typically dark in color.
C. Silica Content and Mineral Composition
Acid Igneous Rocks - silica rich ( > 65% by weight) composed mainly of felsic or light coloured minerals (eg. feldspars, quartz)
Intermediate Igneous Rocks - silica 50-65% by weight, composed mainly of plagiocalse feldspars, some mafic minerals, with some quartz.
Basic Igneous Rocks - silica poor ( < 50% by weight) contain significant amounts of mafic or dark colored ferromagnesian minerals (eg. olivines, pyroxenes, amphiboles, micas). No free quartz.

25. IGNEOUS ROCKS

29. Sedimentary Rocks
Shale (mudstone)
Siltstone
Sandstone
Conglomerate
Limestone
Dolomite
Coal
Chert
Evaporite

30. Sedimentary Rocks
Shale > < Clay

31. Metamorphic Rocks
slate
phyllite
marble
schist
gneiss