Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Lecture 23: Existentialism and Feminism

Similar presentations


Presentation on theme: "Lecture 23: Existentialism and Feminism"— Presentation transcript:

1 Lecture 23: Existentialism and Feminism

2 Existentialism

3 Sartre Jean-Paul Sartre Lived 1905-1980 in Paris, France
One of the most famous and influential philosophers of the 20th Century Famous for his philosophy of Existentialism Sartre was a P.O.W. in WWII Used literature, plays, and academic works to express his philosophical views Immensely concerned with a subjective inquiry into freedom Sartre

4 Endorsed a philosophy of phenomenology
Søren Kierkegaard Lived Considered to be the father of existentialism Was interested in investigating the relationship between freedom, the individual, society and Christianity Used a literary method Edmund Husserl Lived Endorsed a philosophy of phenomenology Martin Heidegger Lived Taught by Husserl Interested in phenomenology and the relationship between the individual, society and freedom Investigated the key question: what is a human being? Sartre’s Influences

5 Sartre Traditional philosophical investigations
So far our philosophical investigations have attempted to be objective We take an entirely Third-Person approach to investigating the world We attempts to appeal to objective facts about our world We make reference to objective features of human beings Many arguments surround how we should interpret these objective features For example: The world is entirely composed of physical substance Humans are rational beings There is a universal moral law Humans are bound by the laws of nature Knowledge is gained through experience Sartre

6 Phenomenology Phenomenology attempts to investigate the world subjectively Takes a First-Person approach to the world Phenomenology is concerned with the phenomena of human experience It investigates the appearance of human consciousness and experience It is primarily interested in the subjective features of the human world Often challenges the motivation behind a theory rather than the theory itself For example: It feels like we are free, that we have choices, we make decisions and these decisions matter What does this feeling of freedom feel like? Why should we deny that this feeling is true? What motivates people to deny this feeling? Sartre

7 Existentialism is primarily interested in the following:
The question of existence What is it to exist? (what is it to live?) Questions about human existence Who am I? What am I? How should I live my life? What is the purpose of human existence? Why should we do anything? How do I become who I am? Questions about human psychology (phenomenology) What does it feel like to be a human? Why do people do the things they do? Why are people afraid of freedom? Why do people commit suicide? Questions about human society/culture/religion If God exists or does not exist, then what? What is it to be an x? (Christian, member of society, musician, policeman etc.) To what degree am I free within my society? Existentialism covers a diverse variety of thinkers, film makers, writers, philosophers, scientists, psychologists and more! Existentialism

8 Sartre’s Existentialism
Sartre’s existentialism is based on two important themes: The non-existence of God Sartre founds his existentialism on the principle that there is no God This is simply a fact about our world No matter how terrifying this idea may be, we must accept it This means that humans are alone in the world There is nothing more to human existence than what humans create Sartre was interested in exploring the consequences of this fact on human experience Sartre’s Existentialism

9 Sartre’s Existentialism
Sartre’s existentialism is based on two important themes: 2. For humans, Existence Precedes Essence Because there is no God, humans are free to define their own existence Essence precedes existence (Being in itself) Essence existence Cut food knife Count time watch Write things pen Run programs laptop Existence precedes essence (Being for itself) Existence Essence Human being ? Sartre’s Existentialism

10 Sartre’s Existentialism
Because there is no God and human existence precedes essence Sartre claims that humans are Radically (unconditionally) Free Which means: We are completely (unconditionally) free There are no limits or restrictions on our freedom Everything we have done, are doing, will do was a free personal choice No one or no thing can force us or make us do something we don’t want to do We are completely free to define ourselves and our lives however we choose We must each find our own meaning and purpose to our lives Nothing can make our decisions for us You are free, therefore choose, that is to say, invent. (Jean-Paul Sartre) No rule of general morality can show you what you ought to do: no signs are vouchsafed in this world. Sartre’s Existentialism

11 Sartre’s Existentialism
Traditional ethical theories Traditional ethical theories depend on the idea that essence precedes existence For Example: Essence existence But if existence precedes essence... Essence Existence ? Human being Moral values Ten-commandments Virtue Categorical Imperative Do not steal Courage Goods in themselves God The Forms Human reason Sartre’s Existentialism

12 Sartre’s Existentialism
Existential criticisms of ethics There is nothing in existence outside, above, or beyond the individual (God is dead) Therefore there are no transcendent, objective or eternal values Mankind is alone in the universe and “condemned to be free” (p.359) This unconditional freedom means that there are no moral laws that we must obey For example; I can choose to be rational The ten commandments only have authority if I choose so Sartre’s Existentialism

13 Sartre’s Existentialism
Existential ethics Existentialism is not a form of relativism The individual alone is the source of all value and meaning in the universe Every human qua individual has certain responsibilities We are responsible for ourselves We are responsible to humanity itself We must see ourselves as exemplars and imagine if everyone acted as we do I am responsible for myself and for everyone else. I am creating a certain image of man of my own choosing. In choosing myself, I choose man... Certainly, many people believe that when they do something, they themselves are the only ones involved, and when someone says to them “what if everyone acted that way?” They shrug their shoulders and answer, “Everyone doesn’t act that way.” But really, one should always ask himself, “What would happen if everybody looked at things that way?” There is no escaping this disturbing thought except by a kind of double-dealing. A man who lies and makes excuses for himself by saying “not everybody does that,” is someone with an uneasy conscience because the act of lying implies that a universal value is conferred upon the lie. Jean-Paul Sartre Sartre’s Existentialism

14 Feminist Criticisms of Traditional Ethical Theories

15 Feminism and Ethics Key questions for feminism
Is traditional Western Ethics inappropriate for women? Is it biased towards the male perspective? Does it ignore the insights and experience of female experience? Does it fail to take advantage of the female perspective? Can the female perspective provide insights into moral life which have been traditionally ignored? Has the male centred ethical tradition contributed to creating bias and oppression towards women? Feminism and Ethics

16 Feminism and Ethics Some perspectives on women:
Women have a lower developed moral sense than men Lawrence Kohlberg Women remain children their whole life long… the fundamental fault of the female character is that it has no sense of justice. This is mainly due to the fact that women are defective in the powers of reasoning and deliberation. Arthur Schopenhaur Feminism and Ethics

17 Feminism and Ethics Some more perspectives on women:
A woman cannot grasp that one must act from principle; as she has no continuity, she does not experience the necessity for logical support of her mental processes. Otto Weininger Women show “[…]less sense of justice than men, that they are less ready to submit to the great exigencies of life, that they are more often influence in their judgments by their feelings of affection or hostility” Sigmund Freud Feminism and Ethics

18 Feminism and Ethics Kohlberg’s 1960 gender experiments
Two Children are confronted with a moral dilemma: Should ‘Heinz’ steal medicine from a pharmacist to save his wife’s life? Amy’s solution Claims that heinz should not steal medicine and pharmacist is also in the wrong Derives no principles Does not deduce logical conclusions Jake’s solution Claims that Heinz should steal medicine Derives a principle “Life is worth more than money” Deduces a logical argument applying the principles Feminism and Ethics

19 Feminism and Ethics Interpretations of the experiment:
Kohlberg’s interpretation These results show that women have a lower developed moral sense than men Women are incapable of understanding the abstract concept of justice They are incapable of applying principles and drawing logical conclusions from it Carol Gilligan’s interpretation (1982) Disagrees with Kohlberg; Amy has a different moral insight into the situation Amy refuses to apply abstract principles in a mathematical way Refuses to use unrealistic scenarios to resolve real life problems Instead, she contextualizes and looks at the problem pragmatically Focuses on the relationships between human beings Feminism and Ethics

20 Feminism and Ethics The problem for ethics
Feminists maintain the following: Women may have special insights into human relations Some feminists praise Amy’s rejection of the extreme-case scenarios philosophers often use They praise her rejection of rules and her emphasis on relationships They claim that Amy is right to ask for more information regarding context They agree that moral judgements are emergent and based on real situations Women may have a unique perspective from which to criticize male-dominated ethical theory Traditional ethics fails to recognize this important insight into morality Feminism and Ethics

21 Feminism and Ethics The aim of feminist ethics:
Feminist ethics identifies and challenges the ways in which western ethics has excluded or rationalized the subordination of women Has a masculine tendency towards abstract thought allowed ethical theories to be distanced from actual human life? Does this lead to a distortion of human priorities? E.g. Ethically supported militarism; the value of human life etc. Are women in a better position to criticize the morality of our society, in virtue of their exclusion? Feminism and Ethics

22 Feminism and Ethics The aim of feminist ethics:
2. The development of a feminist ethics (in 7 tenets) The central priority of ethics is not the concept of individual rights but of relationships with other human beings. The principle goal of ethics is not to respect and maximize autonomy and liberty of individual humans; but giving and receiving care appropriate to specific people and situations Interdependence over individualism The “other” with whom one deals with morally must be distinctly personified and not an impersonal faceless abstraction Moral judgments emerge from actual situations and are not derived by applying logical formulas to general principles Feminist ethics are accepting not transformative Feminist ethics will be a morality of virtues rather than justice Feminism and Ethics

23 Feminism and Ethics Some key features of feminist philosophy:
Feminists such as Gilligan seem to agree that there is a difference between masculine and feminine perspectives on morality They deny that this difference means differences in quality and equality Crucially, men and women are both capable of masculine and feminist thinking Feminist philosophy involves a way of interpreting and viewing the world; it is not just how female humans view the world Feminism and Ethics


Download ppt "Lecture 23: Existentialism and Feminism"

Similar presentations


Ads by Google